A soft robot that navigates its environment through growth
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A class of soft robot can substantially and rapidly increase length from its tip and steer to navigate its environment.
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These stresses corrode materials, disrupt electronics, and shorten operational lifespans.
“These stresses corrode materials, disrupt electronics, and shorten operational lifespans (Hawkes et al., 2017; Lu et al., 2018; Zuniga and Fink, 2023).”
From Wetware network-based AI: a chemical approach to embodied cognition for robotics and artificial intelligence (2026) · cites this paper as Hawkes et al., 2017
The Results describe navigation through constrained environments and insensitivity to surface characteristics, while Construction describes the robot’s materials and electronics (page numbers unavailable). Searches for corrosion, electronic disruption, and operational lifespan found no passage addressing those effects. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredExtreme conditions such as high salinity, electromagnetic interference, and rapid temperature shifts can degrade soft robot performance.
“extreme conditions such as high salinity, electromagnetic interference, and rapid temperature shifts can degrade performance.”
From Wetware network-based AI: a chemical approach to embodied cognition for robotics and artificial intelligence (2026) · cites this paper as Hawkes et al., 2017
The Results section discusses how the robot moves through constrained environments and how surface characteristics affect the pressure needed to lengthen; it does not address performance degradation under high salinity, electromagnetic interference, or rapid temperature shifts. Searches for those conditions and related terms found no passage in our copy that evaluates their effects. (LLM, conf=0.73)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Hawkes, E. W., Blumenschein, L. H., Greer, J. D., & Okamura, A. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hawkes, Elliot W.
- Venue
- Science Robotics
- Published
- 2017-07-19
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 8
- ISSN
- 2470-9476 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2737491236
- Cited by
- 968
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 93 · 2025: 141 · 2024: 118 · 2023: 151 · 2022: 113 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 109 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 29.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.escholarship.org
- Locations
- Science Robotics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (award334518, 1637446)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Soft Robotics and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Advanced Materials and Mechanics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Robotic Locomotion and Control
- Keywords
- soft robots, pneumatic actuators, directional control, thin-walled vessels, pressurization, passive deformation, bio-inspired robotics
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