The DOI matches its Crossref record; 83 of the 83 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Leishmaniasis: Current Status of Vaccine Development
Open accessAbstract
SUMMARY: Leishmaniae are obligatory intracellular protozoa in mononuclear phagocytes. They cause a spectrum of diseases, ranging in severity from spontaneously healing skin lesions to fatal visceral disease. Worldwide, there are 2 million new cases each year and 1/10 of the world's population is at risk of infection. To date, there are no vaccines against leishmaniasis and control measures rely on chemotherapy to alleviate disease and on vector control to reduce transmission. However, a major vaccine development program aimed initially at cutaneous leishmaniasis is under way. Studies in animal models and humans are evaluating the potential of genetically modified live attenuated vaccines, as well as a variety of recombinant antigens or the DNA encoding them. The program also focuses on new adjuvants, including cytokines, and delivery systems to target the T helper type 1 immune responses required for the elimination of this intracellular organism. The availability, in the near future, of the DNA sequences of the human and Leishmania genomes will extend the vaccine program. New vaccine candidates such as parasite virulence factors will be identified. Host susceptibility genes will be mapped to allow the vaccine to be targeted to the population most in need of protection.
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Cites
Dendritic cells and the control of immunity
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Donnelly, J. J., Ulmer, J. B., Shiver, J. W., & Liu, M. A. (1997) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.15.1.617 · Cited by 987
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Stimulation of Human γδ T Cells by Nonpeptidic Mycobacterial Ligands
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Adjuvants—a classification and review of their modes of action
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Macrophages ingest and are activated by bacterial DNA
Stacey, K. J., Sweet, M. J., & Hume, D. A. (1996) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.157.5.2116 · Cited by 570
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“Protective immunity depends on the induction of T cells producing Th1 cytokines which activate macrophages to kill the intracellular organisms primarily through a nitric oxide-mediated mechanism (74).”
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Cited by
Murray, H. W., Berman, J. D., Davies, C. R., & Saravia, N. G. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67629-5 · Cited by 1,771
Bode, C., Zhao, G., Steinhagen, F., Kinjo, T., & Klinman, D. M. (2011) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1586/erv.10.174 · Cited by 891
Metadata
- Authors
- Handman, E.
- Venue
- Clinical Microbiology Reviews
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2001-04
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 229-243
- ISSN
- 0893-8512 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-6618
- OpenAlex
- W2141360780
- Cited by
- 600
- References
- 83
- FWCI
- 26.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
