Cited by 416SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchImmune responses and vaccinationsT-cell and B-cell Immunology

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Virus-Specific Memory CD8 T Cells Provide Substantial Protection from Lethal Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection

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Channappanavar, Rudragouda, Fett, Craig, Zhao, Jincun, Meyerholz, David K., Perlman, Stanley·2014·Journal of Virology

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Abstract

UNLABELLED: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) caused an acute human respiratory illness with high morbidity and mortality in 2002-2003. Several studies have demonstrated the role of neutralizing antibodies induced by the spike (S) glycoprotein in protecting susceptible hosts from lethal infection. However, the anti-SARS-CoV antibody response is short-lived in patients who have recovered from SARS, making it critical to develop additional vaccine strategies. SARS-CoV-specific memory CD8 T cells persisted for up to 6 years after SARS-CoV infection, a time at which memory B cells and antivirus antibodies were undetectable in individuals who had recovered from SARS. In this study, we assessed the ability of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells to mediate protection against infection in the absence of SARS-CoV-specific memory CD4 T or B cells. We demonstrate that memory CD8 T cells specific for a single immunodominant epitope (S436 or S525) substantially protected 8- to 10-month-old mice from lethal SARS-CoV infection. Intravenous immunization with peptide-loaded dendritic cells (DCs) followed by intranasal boosting with recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) encoding S436 or S525 resulted in accumulation of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL), lungs, and spleen. Upon challenge with a lethal dose of SARS-CoV, virus-specific memory CD8 T cells efficiently produced multiple effector cytokines (gamma interferon [IFN-γ], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], and interleukin 2 [IL-2]) and cytolytic molecules (granzyme B) and reduced lung viral loads. Overall, our results show that SARS-CoV-specific memory CD8 T cells protect susceptible hosts from lethal SARS-CoV infection, but they also suggest that SARS-CoV-specific CD4 T cell and antibody responses are necessary for complete protection. IMPORTANCE: Virus-specific CD8 T cells are required for pathogen clearance following primary SARS-CoV infection. However, the role of SARS-CoV-specific memory CD8 T cells in mediating protection after SARS-CoV challenge has not been previously investigated. In this study, using a prime-boost immunization approach, we showed that virus-specific CD8 T cells protect susceptible 8- to 10-month-old mice from lethal SARS-CoV challenge. Thus, future vaccines against emerging coronaviruses should emphasize the generation of a memory CD8 T cell response for optimal protection.

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“72 It has only recently been established that T cells in general, and CD8 + T cells in particular, can protect from SARS-CoV-2 infection.”
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Background
Mucosal vaccination induces protection against SARS-CoV-2 in the absence of detectable neutralizing antibodies
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Background
SARS-CoV-2 bivalent mRNA vaccine with broad protection against variants of concern
Ma, Q., Li, M., Ma, L., Zhang, C., Zhang, H., Zhong, H., Wen, J., Wang, Y., Yan, Z., Xiong, W., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1195299 · Cited by 11
“The pivotal role of virusspecific memory T cells in providing broad and long-term protection against severe SARS-CoV was reported (56).”
Background
Differences in Clinical Features and Laboratory Results between Adults and Children with SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection
Li, X., Rong, Y., Zhang, P., Wang, J., Qie, L., Rong, L., & Xu, J. H. (2020) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2020/6342598 · Cited by 11
“It is also reported [23, 24] that CD4 T cell depletion leads to a decrease in lymphocyte recruitment and cytokine production, leading to delayed immune-mediated SARS-CoV-2 clearance.”
Background
An immunogenetic view of COVID-19
Aguiar, V. R. C., Augusto, D. G., Castelli, E. C., Hollenbach, J. A., Meyer, D., Nunes, K., & Petzl‐Erler, M. L. (2021) · Genetics and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2021-0036 · Cited by 13
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Hassebroek, A. M., Sooryanarain, H., Heffron, C. L., Hawks, S. A., LeRoith, T., Cecere, T. E., Stone, W. B., Walter, D. L., Mahsoub, H. M., Wang, B., et al. (2023) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.28503 · Cited by 11
“vaccine were predicted to bind both MHC I and II and stimulate a memory response in both CD4 and CD8 T cells.(15,16,18,19) Our results showed that there was some evidence of CD8 memory T cell activation, with numerically increased levels in ΔHBcAg‐SARS‐CoV‐2 VLP mice compared to the ΔHBcAg controls, although this did…”
BackgroundResult
Application of a portable instrument for rapid and reliable detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in any environment
Martinelli, F., Perrone, A. F., Noce, I. D., Colombo, L., Priore, S. L., & Romano, S. L. (2020) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.12857 · Cited by 11
Jigsaw falling into place: A review and perspective of lymphoid tissue CD8+ T cells and control of HIV
Nguyen, S., Sada-Japp, A., Petrovas, C., & Betts, M. R. (2020) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2020.05.016 · Cited by 12
Newly Emerging Human Coronaviruses: Animal Models and Vaccine Research for SARS, MERS, and COVID-19
Lee, P., & Kim, D.-J. (2020) · Immune Network · doi:10.4110/in.2020.20.e28 · Cited by 12
“CD8+ T cells play a crucial role in viral clearance by secreting effector molecules directly to infected cells (73,174,175).”
Background
Development of T cell antigen-based human coronavirus vaccines against nAb-escaping SARS-CoV-2 variants
Zhou, H., Leng, P., Wang, Y., Yang, K., Li, C., Ojcius, D. M., Wang, P., & Jiang, S. (2024) · 中国科学通报：英文版 · doi:10.1016/j.scib.2024.02.041 · Cited by 10
Lung Immune Cell Niches and the Discovery of New Cell Subtypes
Shan, Q., Qiu, J., Dong, Z., Xu, X., Zhang, S., Ma, J., & Liu, S. (2024) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202405490 · Cited by 10
COVID-19 and cancer: A guide with suggested COVID-19 rule-out criteria to support clinical decision-making
Larson, C., Oronsky, B. T., Goyal, S., Ray, C. M., Hedjran, F., Hammond, T., Kesari, S., Caroen, S. Z., Lybeck, M., Dobalian, V. E., et al. (2020) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188412 · Cited by 10
The Recent Updates on Approaches and Clinical Trials Status of Covid-19 Vaccines Developed Globally
Chaudhary, S., El‐Shorbagi, A., Gupta, R. K., & Kumar, A. (2021) · Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal · doi:10.13005/bpj/2214 · Cited by 11
Design and preclinical evaluation of a universal SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine
Qin, J., Jeon, J. H., Xu, J., Langston, L. K., Marasini, R., Mou, S., Montoya, B., Melo‐Silva, C. R., Jeon, H. J., Zhu, T., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1126392 · Cited by 11
“In addition, some studies have shown that virus-specific T cells can be maintained for 6 years after SARS-CoV infection (37), and are sufficient to prevent reinfection (38, 39).”
Background
Early protective effect of a (“pan”) coronavirus vaccine (PanCoVac) in Roborovski dwarf hamsters after single-low dose intranasal administration
Abdelaziz, M. O., Raftery, M. J., Weihs, J., Bielawski, O., Edel, R., Köppke, J. K. C., Vladimirova, D., Adler, J. M., Firsching, T. C., Voß, A., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1166765 · Cited by 10
The role of the urologist, BCG vaccine administration, and SARS‐CoV‐2: An overview
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SARS‐CoV‐2‐reactive T‐cell receptors isolated from convalescent COVID‐19 patients confer potent T‐cell effector function
Brunk, F., Moritz, A., Nelde, A., Bilich, T., Casadei, N., Fraschka, S. A. K., Heitmann, J. S., Hörber, S., Peter, A., Rammensee, H., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202149290 · Cited by 10
A pseudotyped adenovirus serotype 5 vector with serotype 49 fiber knob is an effective vector for vaccine and gene therapy applications
Bliss, C. M., Hulin-Curtis, S. L., Williams, M., Marušková, M., Davies, J. A., Statkute, E., Baker, A. T., Stack, L., Kerstetter, L. J., Kerr-Jones, L. E., et al. (2024) · Molecular Therapy — Methods & Clinical Development · doi:10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101308 · Cited by 9
The Immunogenicity of Coxsackievirus A6 (D3a Sub‐Genotype) Virus‐Like Particle and mRNA Vaccines
Lu, H., Xiao, J., Song, J., Song, Y., Li, H., Ren, H., Li, J., Cong, R., Li, H., Fang, Y., et al. (2025) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.70201 · Cited by 9
Immunological aspects of coronavirus disease caused by SARS-CoV-2
Вячеславовна, А. Е. (2020) · Genes and Cells · doi:10.23868/202011002 · Cited by 9
Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of vaccinated COVID-19 patients: A meta-analysis and systematic review
Tian, W., Ren, X., Han, M., Zhang, Y., Gao, X., Chen, Z., & Zhang, W. (2022) · International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/03946320221141802 · Cited by 9
Mucosal immunization with lipopeptides derived from conserved regions of SARS-CoV-2 antigens induce robust cellular and cross-variant humoral immune responses in mice
Patel, R. S., & Agrawal, B. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1178523 · Cited by 9
General Characteristics of Adjuvants and Their Mechanism of Action (Part 1)
Александровна, А. Н., Авдеева, Ж. И., Lysikova, S. L., Golovinskaya, O. V., & Александровна, Г. Л. (2020) · Biological Products Prevention Diagnosis Treatment · doi:10.30895/2221-996x-2020-20-4-245-256 · Cited by 12
T-cell proliferation assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cells
Chu, C., Schönbrunn, A., Elitok, S., Kern, F., Schnatbaum, K., Wenschuh, H., Klemm, K., von Baehr, V., Krämer, B. K., & Hocher, B. (2022) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2022.05.025 · Cited by 9
“This may be due to the fact that antibody titers usually drop within a few months after infection or vaccination whereas T-cell response appears to be more persistent [29,30].”
Functional studies of HLA and its role in SARS-CoV-2: Stimulating T cell response and vaccine development
Feng, L., Lin, X., Fu, B., Xiong, Y., Zaky, M. Y., & Wu, H. (2023) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121374 · Cited by 12
Immune Response to COVID-19: Can We Benefit from the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV Pandemic Experience?
Sinderewicz, E., Czelejewska, W., Jezierska‐Woźniak, K., Staszkiewicz‐Chodor, J., & Maksymowicz, W. (2020) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens9090739 · Cited by 8
“The T cell responses against the S and N proteins were documented as the most long-term reaction in SARS-CoV-infection [52].”
Background
Human Coronaviruses: Counteracting the Damage by Storm
Schoeman, D., & Fielding, B. C. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13081457 · Cited by 8
Corona Virus: An Immunological Perspective Review
Nimesh, S., Bharat, S., Abhay, M., Neeti, N. D., & Archna, P. (2020) · International Journal of Immunology and Immunotherapy · doi:10.23937/2378-3672/1410050 · Cited by 8
Role of the cellular immunity in the formation of the immune response in coronavirus infections
Ia, I., Omelchenko, N. D., Filippenko, A. V., Trufanova, A. A., & Носков, А. К. (2021) · Medical Immunology (Russia) · doi:10.15789/1563-0625-rot-2302 · Cited by 11
Insights into the immune responses of SARS-CoV-2 in relation to COVID-19 vaccines
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“Indeed, generation of SARS-CoV S protein-specific CD8 T-cell memory alone was found to be primarily, although not completely, protective in SARSCoV-challenged mice (Channappanavar et al., 2014); however, this study did not show whether the viral titer reduction in the challenged mice at seven days post-infection was d…”
The Binary Model of Chronic Diseases Applied to COVID-19
Elkoshi, Z. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.716084 · Cited by 8
“The induction of virusspecific CTL in mice conferred substantial protection against lethal dose of SARS-CoV-2 challenge (65).”
Background
Spotlight on contributory role of host immunogenetic profiling in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Susceptibility, severity, mortality, and vaccine effectiveness
Yazdanparast, S., Bakhtiyaridovvombaygi, M., Mikanik, F., Ahmadi, R., Ghorbani, M., Mansoorian, M. R., Mansoorian, M., Chegni, H., Moshari, J., & Gharehbaghian, A. (2023) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121907 · Cited by 7
Comparison of the Development of SARS-Coronavirus-2-Specific Cellular Immunity, and Central Memory CD4+ T-Cell Responses Following Infection versus Vaccination
Dennehy, K. M., Loell, E., Dhillon, C., Classen, J.-M., Warm, T. D., Schuierer, L., Hyhlik-Dürr, A., Römmele, C., Goßlau, Y., Kling, E., et al. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9121439 · Cited by 7
B-Cell Epitopes-Based Chimeric Protein from SARS-CoV-2 N and S Proteins Is Recognized by Specific Antibodies in Serum and Urine Samples from Patients
Ramos, F. F., Pereira, I. A. G., Cardoso, M. D. M., Bandeira, R. S., Lage, D. P., Scussel, R., Anastacio, R. S., Freire, V. G., Melo, M. F. N., Oliveira‐da‐Silva, J. A., et al. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15091877 · Cited by 8
Nonconserved epitopes dominate reverse preexisting T cell immunity in COVID-19 convalescents
Wang, X., Zhang, J., Liu, M., Guo, Y., Guo, P., Yang, X., Shang, B., Li, M., Tian, J., Zhang, T., et al. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01876-3 · Cited by 7
“19 At present, there is no effective therapeutic drugs for seriously harmful HCoVs, and high vigilance should be maintained in preventing and controlling their infection Therefore, it is important to ﬁ nd relatively conserved T cell epitopes for exploring cross-immunity between viruses.”
Background
ROLE OF TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS IN CORONAVIRUS INFECTION AND IMMUNE RESPONSE
Iqbal, M. S., Sardar, N., Akmal, W., Sultan, R., Abdullah, H., Qindeel, M., Dhama, K., & Bilal, M. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences · doi:10.18006/2020.8(spl-1-sars-cov-2).s66.s78 · Cited by 7
Immunopathogenesis and perspectives for immunotherapy of coronavirus infection
Симбирцев, А. С. (2021) · HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders · doi:10.22328/2077-9828-2020-12-4-7-22 · Cited by 7
Shedding Lights on the Extracellular Vesicles as Functional Mediator and Therapeutic Decoy for COVID-19
Thakur, A. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13030840 · Cited by 7
An update on studies characterizing adaptive immune responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination
Antunes, R. D. S., Grifoni, A., Frazier, A., Weiskopf, D., & Sette, A. (2023) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxad014 · Cited by 8
Machine-Learning-Assisted Analysis of TCR Profiling Data Unveils Cross-Reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 and a Wide Spectrum of Pathogens and Other Diseases
Georgakilas, G. K., Galanopoulos, A. P., Tsinaris, Z., Kyritsi, M. A., Mouchtouri, V. Α., Speletas, M. G., & Hadjichristodoulou, C. S. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11101531 · Cited by 5
“Furthermore, previous studies associated with other viruses such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and SARS-CoV-1 indicate that coronavirus-specific T cells appear to have long term persistence [17,18].”
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
Beltz, L. A. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-98809-4.00004-8 · Cited by 7
Custommune: a web tool to design personalized and population-targeted vaccine epitopesPreprint
Tarek, M., ElHefnawi, M., Maricato, J. T., Diaz, R. S., Shytaj, I. L., & Savarino, A. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.04.25.20079426 · Cited by 5
“Moreover, the expected population coverage of each of the vaccines designed in the present study is theoretically sufficient to achieve herd immunity based on the estimated reproductive number of SARS-CoV-2 34,65 .”
Background
Th1 Dominant Nucleocapsid and Spike Antigen-Specific CD4+ and CD8+ Memory T Cell Recall Induced by hAd5 S-Fusion + N-ETSD Infection of Autologous Dendritic Cells from Patients Previously Infected with SARS-CoV-2Preprint
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In Silico T Cell Epitope Identification for SARS-CoV-2: Progress and PerspectivesPreprint
Sohail, M. S., Ahmed, S. F., Quadeer, A. A., & McKay, M. R. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3720371 · Cited by 7
Multiscale PHATE Exploration of SARS-CoV-2 Data Reveals Multimodal Signatures of DiseasePreprint
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“In acute viral infections, CD8+ T lymphocytes play a critical role in the clearance of virus [63].”
Background
SARS-CoV-2 virus lacking the envelope and membrane open-reading frames as a vaccine platform
Kuroda, M., Halfmann, P., Uraki, R., Yamayoshi, S., Kim, T., Armbrust, T. A., Spyra, S., Dahn, R., Babujee, L., & Kawaoka, Y. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-59533-4 · Cited by 6
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Plant-based Vaccines
Sharma, P., Mondal, H., Mondal, S., & Majumder, R. (2021) · Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal (BBRJ) · doi:10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_185_21 · Cited by 7
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“In the process of virus infection, CD8+ T cell-mediated immune responses are responsible for the clearance of viruses, such as influenza virus [36], respiratory syncytial virus [37] and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus [38], and can even provide protection against secondary infections [39, 40].”
Background
A Murine CD8+ T Cell Epitope Identified in the Receptor-Binding Domain of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein
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Background
The potential of developing a protective peptide‐based vaccines against SARS‐CoV‐2
Shalash, A. O., Tóth, I., & Skwarczyński, M. (2022) · Drug Development Research · doi:10.1002/ddr.21969 · Cited by 6
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T cell responses to adenoviral vectors expressing the SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein.
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Post-vaccination SARS-Cov-2 T-cell receptor repertoires in patients with multiple sclerosis and related disorders
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Authors: Channappanavar, R., Fett, C., Zhao, J., Meyerholz, D. K., & Perlman, S.
Affiliations: University of Iowa (US)
ORCID: Channappanavar, Rudragouda
Zhao, Jincun
Meyerholz, David K.
Perlman, Stanley
Venue: Journal of Virology
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Published: 2014-10
Volume: 88
Issue: 19
Pages: 11034-11044
ISSN: 0022-538X (ISSN-L)
1098-5514
DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01505-14
PMC: PMC4178831
OpenAlex: W2004583429
Cited by: 411
References: 53
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 117 · 2020: 142 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3
FWCI: 3.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Virology (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (AI060699)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI091322, R01AI091322, AI060699, P01AI060699)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK054759)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Keywords: SARS-CoV, memory CD8+ T cells, T cell immunity, immunodominant epitopes, spike protein, prime-boost vaccination, peptide-loaded dendritic cells, vaccinia virus vector, lung viral load, cytokine production, granzyme B
MeSH terms: Animals, Antibodies, Viral, Antigens, Viral, Dendritic Cells, Female, Humans, Immunity, Active, Immunity, Cellular, Immunization, Immunologic Memory, Peptides, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Gene Expression, Survival Analysis, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Mice, Immunity, Humoral

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Virus-Specific Memory CD8 T Cells Provide Substantial Protection from Lethal Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection

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