Cited by 350Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensingEscherichia coli research studiesBacterial Genetics and Biotechnology

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Role of Multicellular Aggregates in Biofilm Formation

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Kragh, Kasper N., Hutchison, Jaime B., Melaugh, Gavin, Rodesney, Chris, Roberts, Aled E. L., Irie, Yasuhiko, Jensen, Peter Ø., Diggle, Stephen P., Allen, Rosalind J., Gordon, Vernita, Bjarnsholt, Thomas·2016·mBio

DOI 10.1128/mbio.00237-16PMC PMC4807362

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Abstract

In traditional models of in vitro biofilm development, individual bacterial cells seed a surface, multiply, and mature into multicellular, three-dimensional structures. Much research has been devoted to elucidating the mechanisms governing the initial attachment of single cells to surfaces. However, in natural environments and during infection, bacterial cells tend to clump as multicellular aggregates, and biofilms can also slough off aggregates as a part of the dispersal process. This makes it likely that biofilms are often seeded by aggregates and single cells, yet how these aggregates impact biofilm initiation and development is not known. Here we use a combination of experimental and computational approaches to determine the relative fitness of single cells and preformed aggregates during early development of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. We find that the relative fitness of aggregates depends markedly on the density of surrounding single cells, i.e., the level of competition for growth resources. When competition between aggregates and single cells is low, an aggregate has a growth disadvantage because the aggregate interior has poor access to growth resources. However, if competition is high, aggregates exhibit higher fitness, because extending vertically above the surface gives cells at the top of aggregates better access to growth resources. Other advantages of seeding by aggregates, such as earlier switching to a biofilm-like phenotype and enhanced resilience toward antibiotics and immune response, may add to this ecological benefit. Our findings suggest that current models of biofilm formation should be reconsidered to incorporate the role of aggregates in biofilm initiation. IMPORTANCE During the past decades, there has been a consensus around the model of development of a biofilm, involving attachment of single planktonic bacterial cells to a surface and the subsequent development of a mature biofilm. This study presents results that call for a modification of this rigorous model. We show how free floating biofilm aggregates can have a profound local effect on biofilm development when attaching to a surface. Our findings show that an aggregate landing on a surface will eventually outcompete the biofilm population arising from single cells attached around the aggregate and dominate the local biofilm development. These results point to a regime where preformed biofilm aggregates may have a fitness advantage over planktonic cells when it comes to accessing nutrients. Our findings add to the increasingly prominent comprehension that biofilm lifestyle is the default for bacteria and that planktonic single cells may be only a transition state at the most.

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Authors: Kragh, K. N., Hutchison, J. B., Melaugh, G., Rodesney, C., Roberts, A. E. L., Irie, Y., Jensen, P. Ø., Diggle, S. P., Allen, R. J., Gordon, V., & Bjarnsholt, T.
Affiliations: University of Copenhagen (DK)
The University of Texas at Austin (US)
University of Edinburgh (GB)
University of Nottingham (GB)
University of Bath (GB)
Rigshospitalet (DK)
Corresponding author: Bjarnsholt, Thomas
ORCID: Kragh, Kasper N.
Melaugh, Gavin
Irie, Yasuhiko
Jensen, Peter Ø.
Diggle, Stephen P.
Allen, Rosalind J.
Gordon, Vernita
Bjarnsholt, Thomas
Venue: mBio
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Published: 2016-05-04
Volume: 7
Issue: 2
Pages: e00237-e00237
ISSN: 2150-7511 (ISSN-L)
2161-2129
DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00237-16
PMC: PMC4807362
OpenAlex: W2307656886
Cited by: 350
References: 48
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 17
FWCI: 19.58
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license (tdm)
Locations: mBio (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Texas Digital Library (University of Texas)
Funders: Human Frontier Science Program (RGY0081/2012)
Royal Society
Lundbeckfonden
University of Texas at Austin
Exxon Mobil Corporation
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Escherichia coli research studies
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
Keywords: biofilm formation, multicellular aggregates, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, biofilm initiation, cell competition, planktonic cells, biofilm dispersal, antibiotic resistance, immune evasion
MeSH terms: Cell Adhesion, Computer Simulation, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Biofilms

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