The Absence of Mitochondrial Thioredoxin 2 Causes Massive Apoptosis, Exencephaly, and Early Embryonic Lethality in Homozygous Mice
Open accessAbstract
Thioredoxin 2 (Trx-2) is a small redox protein containing the thioredoxin active site Trp-Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys that is localized to the mitochondria by a mitochondrial leader sequence and encoded by a nuclear gene (Trx-2). Trx-2 plays an important role in cell viability and the regulation of apoptosis in vitro. To investigate the role of Trx-2 in mouse development, we studied the phenotype of mice that have the Trx-2 gene silenced by mutational insertion. Homozygous mutant embryos do not survive to birth and die after implantation at Theiler stage 15/16. The homozygous mutant embryos display an open anterior neural tube and show massively increased apoptosis at 10.5 days postcoitus and are not present by 12.5 days postcoitus. The timing of the embryonic lethality coincides with the maturation of the mitochondria, since they begin oxidative phosphorylation during this stage of embryogenesis. In addition, embryonic fibroblasts cultured from homozygous Trx-2-null embryos were not viable. Heterozygous mice are fertile and have no discernible phenotype visible by external observation, despite having decreased Trx-2 mRNA and protein. These results show that the mitochondrial redox protein Trx-2 is required for normal development of the mouse embryo and for actively respiring cells.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Both Trx1 and Trx2 appear to be essential, as complete deficiency of either subtype causes early embryonic lethality in mice.
“Both Trx1 and Trx2 appear to be essential, as complete deficiency of either subtype causes early embryonic lethality in mice (280, 317).”
From Redox regulation of mitochondrial function (2012) · cites this paper as [317]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Induction of Apoptotic Program in Cell-Free Extracts: Requirement for dATP and Cytochrome c
Liu, X., Kim, C. N., Yang, J., Jemmerson, R., & Wang, X. (1996) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80085-9 · Cited by 5,167 · see citing works
Role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in apoptosis induction
Simon, H.-U., Haj-Yehia, A., & Levi-Schaffer, F. (2000) · Apoptosis · doi:10.1023/a:1009616228304 · Cited by 2,774 · see citing works
The mitochondrial permeability transition
Zoratti, M., & Szabó, I. (1995) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/0304-4157(95)00003-a · Cited by 2,395 · see citing works
Dilated cardiomyopathy and neonatal lethality in mutant mice lacking manganese superoxide dismutase
Li, Y., Huang, T.-T., Carlson, E. J., Melov, S., Ursell, P. C., Olson, J. L., Noble, L. J., Yoshimura, M. P., Berger, C., Chan, P. H., et al. (1995) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1295-376 · Cited by 1,789 · see citing works
The Atlas of Mouse Development
Kaufman, M. H. (1992) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,749 · see citing works
Bcl-2 inhibits the mitochondrial release of an apoptogenic protease.
Susín, S. A., Zamzami, N., Castedo, M., Hirsch, T., Marchetti, P., Macho, A., Daugas, É., Geuskens, M., & Kroemer, G. (1996) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.184.4.1331 · Cited by 1,133 · see citing works
Chae, H. Z., Robison, K. E., Poole, L. B., Church, G. M., Storz, G., & Rhee, S. G. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.15.7017 · Cited by 749 · see citing works
Detection of catalase in rat heart mitochondria.
Radi, R., Turrens, J. F., Chang, L. Y., Bush, K. M., Crapo, J. D., & Freeman, B. A. (1991) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54740-2 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Theiler, K. (1972) · Cited by 550 · see citing works
[57] Determination of the production of superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide in mitochondria
Boveris, A. (1984) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(84)05060-6 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Kokoszka, J. E., Coskun, P. E., Esposito, L., & Wallace, D. C. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.051627098 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Disruption and sequence identification of 2,000 genes in mouse embryonic stem cells
Zambrowicz, B., Friedrich, G. A., Buxton, E. C., Lilleberg, S. L., Person, C., & Sands, A. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/33423 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Cloning and Expression of a Novel Mammalian Thioredoxin
Spyrou, G., Enmark, E., Miranda‐Vizuete, A., & Gustafsson, J.-Α. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.5.2936 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Chae, H. Z., Kim, H. J., Kang, S. W., & Rhee, S. G. (1999) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/s0168-8227(99)00037-6 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Thioredoxin‐2 (TRX‐2) is an essential gene regulating mitochondria‐dependent apoptosis
Tanaka, T., Hosoi, F., Yamaguchi‐Iwai, Y., Nakamura, H., Masutani, H., Ueda, S., Nishiyama, A., Takeda, S., Wada, H., Spyrou, G., et al. (2002) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/21.7.1695 · Cited by 322 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Trx-2 has previously been reported to be essential for cell viability in vitro, with apoptosis occurring in Trx-2-deficient cells (28).”
BackgroundInfluentialDimerization of thiol-specific antioxidant and the essential role of cysteine 47.
Chae, H. Z., Uhm, T.-B., & Rhee, S. G. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.15.7022 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
UV activates growth factor receptors via reactive oxygen intermediates.
Huang, R. P., Wu, J. X., Fan, Y., & Adamson, E. D. (1996) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.133.1.211 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Identification and Characterization of a New Mammalian Glutaredoxin (Thioltransferase), Grx2
Gladyshev, V. N., Liu, A., Novoselov, S. V., Krysan, K., Sun, Q., Kryukov, V. M., Kryukov, G. V., & Lou, M. F. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m100020200 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Oxidative damage to mitochondria and aging
Remmen, H. V. (2001) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/s0531-5565(01)00093-6 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
A high-yield preparative method for isolation of rat liver mitochondria
Bustamante, E., Soper, J. W., & Pedersen, P. L. (1977) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0003-2697(77)90661-3 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Human Mitochondrial Thioredoxin
Damdimopoulos, A. E., Miranda-Vizuete, A., Pelto-Huikko, M., Gustafsson, J.-Å., & Spyrou, G. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m203036200 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Teratogen update: thalidomide: a review, with a focus on ocular findings and new potential uses
Miller, M. T., & Str�mland, K. (1999) · Teratology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9926(199911)60:5 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Cai, J.-Y., Murphy, T., & Jones, D. P. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m202026200 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
The Mitochondrial Thioredoxin System
Miranda‐Vizuete, A., Damdimopoulos, A. E., & Spyrou, G. (2000) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2000.2.4-801 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Glucose Metabolism By Rat Embryos in Vitro
Tanimura, T., & Shepard, T. H. (1970) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.3181/00379727-135-34985 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Reactive Oxygen Species Participate in the Control of Mouse Embryonic Cell Death
Vidal, E. S., Lomelı́, H., Castro‐Obregón, S., Cuervo, R., Escalante‐Alcalde, D., & Covarrubias, L. (1998) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1006/excr.1997.3828 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Andreassen, O. A., Ferrante, R. J., Dedeoglu, A., Albers, D. W., Klivènyi, P., Carlson, E. J., Epstein, C. J., & Beal, M. F. (2001) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.2000.7525 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Epperly, M. W., Epstein, C. J., Travis, E. L., & Greenberger, J. S. (2000) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/0033-7587(2000)154[0365:dprrom]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Selenium regulation of thioredoxin reductase activity and mRNA levels in rat liver
Hadley, K. B., & Sunde, R. A. (2001) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0955-2863(01)00189-9 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Shepard, T. H., Muffley, L. A., & Smith, L. T. (1998) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(199811)252:3 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Knopp, E. A., Arndt, T. L., Eng, K., Caldwell, M., LeBoeuf, R. C., Deeb, S. S., & O’Brien, K. D. (1999) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s003359901053 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Increased sensitivity of homozygous Sod2 mutant mice to oxygen toxicity
Asikainen, T. M., Huang, T., Taskinen, E., Levonen, A., Carlson, E. J., Lapatto, R., Epstein, C. J., & Raivio, K. O. (2002) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(01)00776-6 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Miranda‐Vizuete, A., Damdimopoulos, A. E., & Spyrou, G. (1999) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression · doi:10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00129-3 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 34 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [9]Damdimopoulos, A. E., A. Miranda-Vizuete, M. Pelto-Huikko, A. Gustafsson, and G. Spyrou. 2002.. Human mitochondrial thioredoxin: involvement in mitochondrial membrane potential and cell death. J. Biol. Chem. 277:33249-33257. [DOI] [PubMed]
- [14]Juriloff, D. M., and M. J. Harris. 1999. Mini-review: toward understanding mechanisms of genetic neural tube defects in mice. Teratology 60:292-305. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [24]Shepard, T. H., L. A. Muffley, and L. T. Smith. 1998. Ultrastructural study of mitochondria and their cristea in embryonic rats and primate. Anat. Rec. 252:383-392. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling
Morgan, M. J., & Liu, Z.-G. (2011) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/cr.2010.178 · Cited by 3,505 · see citing works
Mitochondria, oxidative stress and cell death
Ott, M., Gogvadze, V. G., Orrenius, S., & Zhivotovsky, B. (2007) · APOPTOSIS · doi:10.1007/s10495-007-0756-2 · Cited by 1,976 · see citing works
From Selenium to Selenoproteins: Synthesis, Identity, and Their Role in Human Health
Papp, L. V., Lu, J., Holmgren, A., & Khanna, K. K. (2007) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2007.1528 · Cited by 1,332 · see citing works
Mitochondrial metabolism of reactive oxygen species
Andreyev, A. Y., Kushnareva, Y. E., & Starkov, A. A. (2005) · Biochemistry (Moscow) · doi:10.1007/s10541-005-0102-7 · Cited by 1,336 · see citing works
Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress: Implications for Cell Death
Orrenius, S., Gogvadze, V. G., & Zhivotovsky, B. (2006) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.47.120505.105122 · Cited by 1,266 · see citing works
Trends in oxidative aging theories
Muller, F. L., Lustgarten, M. S., Jang, Y., Richardson, A., & Van Remmen, H. (2007) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.034 · Cited by 1,053 · see citing works
Selenium, Selenoproteins, and Immunity
Avery, J., & Hoffmann, P. R. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10091203 · Cited by 913 · see citing works
Chemical biology of peroxynitrite: Kinetics, diffusion, and radicals
Ferrer-Sueta, G., & Radi, R. (2009) · ACS Chemical Biology · doi:10.1021/cb800279q · Cited by 776 · see citing works
Mitochondrial Energetics and Therapeutics
Wallace, D. C., Fan, W., & Procaccio, V. (2010) · Annual Review of Pathology Mechanisms of Disease · doi:10.1146/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092314 · Cited by 727 · see citing works
Thioredoxin and Related Molecules–From Biology to Health and Disease
Lillig, C. H., & Holmgren, A. (2007) · Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2007.9.25 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Hanschmann, E.-M., Godoy, J. R., Berndt, C., Hudemann, C., & Lillig, C. H. (2013) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2012.4599 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
Focus on mammalian thioredoxin reductases — Important selenoproteins with versatile functions
Arnér, E. S. J. (2009) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.01.014 · Cited by 675 · see citing works
Redox compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells.
Go, Y., & Jones, D. P. (2008) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.01.011 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Is the oxidative stress theory of aging dead?
Pérez, V. I., Bokov, A., Remmen, H. V., Mele, J., Ran, Q., Ikeno, Y., & Richardson, A. (2009) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.06.003 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Thioredoxin reductase: A target for gold compounds acting as potential anticancer drugs
Bindoli, A., Rigobello, M. P., Scutari, G., Gabbiani, C., Casini, A., & Luigi Messori, A. (2009) · Coordination Chemistry Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2009.02.026 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
The thioredoxin system in cancer
Arnér, E. S. J., & Holmgren, A. (2006) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2006.10.009 · Cited by 589 · see citing works
Redox regulation of mitochondrial function
Handy, D. E., & Loscalzo, J. (2012) · Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2011.4123 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Anticancer Activity of Metal Complexes: Involvement of Redox Processes
Jungwirth, U., Kowol, C. R., Keppler, B. K., Hartinger, C. G., Berger, W., & Heffeter, P. (2011) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2010.3663 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Mitochondrial peroxiredoxin involvement in antioxidant defence and redox signalling
Cox, A. G., Winterbourn, C. C., & Hampton, M. B. (2009) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20091541 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Thioredoxins and Glutaredoxins: Unifying Elements in Redox Biology
Meyer, Y., Buchanan, B. B., Vignols, F., & Reichheld, J. (2009) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genet-102108-134201 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Conrad, M., Jakupoglu, C., Moreno, S. G., Lippl, S., Banjac, A., Schneider, M., Beck, H., Hatzopoulos, A. K., Just, U., Sinowatz, F., et al. (2004) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.24.21.9414-9423.2004 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Genetics and development of neural tube defects
Copp, A. J., & Greene, N. D. E. (2009) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.2643 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
The thioredoxin system—From science to clinic
Gromer, S., Urig, S., & Becker, K. (2003) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.10051 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Salmon, A. B., Richardson, A. G., & Pérez, V. (2009) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.12.015 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Paradoxical Roles of Antioxidant Enzymes: Basic Mechanisms and Health Implications
Lei, X. G., Zhu, J., Cheng, W.-H., Bao, Y., Ho, Y.-S., Reddi, A. R., Holmgren, A., & Arnér, E. S. J. (2015) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00010.2014 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Prevention of the neurocristopathy Treacher Collins syndrome through inhibition of p53 function
Jones, N. C., Lynn, M. L., Gaudenz, K., Sakai, D., Aoto, K., Rey, J., Glynn, E. F., Ellington, L. R., Du, C., Dixon, J., et al. (2008) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1725 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Reactive Oxygen Species in Mitochondria-Mediated Cell Death
Orrenius, S. (2007) · Drug metabolism reviews (Softcover ed.) · doi:10.1080/03602530701468516 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Function of reactive oxygen species during animal development: Passive or active?
Covarrubias, L., Hernández-García, D., Schnabel, D., Vidal, E. S., & Castro‐Obregón, S. (2008) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.04.041 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Jakupoglu, C., Przemeck, G. K. H., Schneider, M., Moreno, S. G., Mayr, N., Hatzopoulos, A. K., de Angelis, M. H., Wurst, W., Bornkamm, G. W., Brielmeier, M., et al. (2005) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.25.5.1980-1988.2005 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Early embryonic lethality caused by targeted disruption of the mouse PHGPx gene
Imai, H., Hirao, F., Sakamoto, T., Sekine, K., Mizukura, Y., Saito, M., Kitamoto, T., Hayasaka, M., Hanaoka, K., & Nakagawa, Y. (2003) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00734-4 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Selenocysteine in proteins—properties and biotechnological use
Johansson, L., Gafvelin, G., & Arnér, E. S. J. (2005) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.05.010 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Berndt, C., Lillig, C. H., & Holmgren, A. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01162.2006 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Karihtala, P., & Soini, Y. (2007) · Apmis · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0463.2007.apm_514.x · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Kehrer, J. P., & Klotz, L. (2015) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.3109/10408444.2015.1074159 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Mitochondria as therapeutic targets for cancer chemotherapy
Galluzzi, L., Larochette, N., Zamzami, N., & Kroemer, G. (2006) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1209598 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
The cystine/cysteine cycle: a redox cycle regulating susceptibility versus resistance to cell death
Banjac, A., Perisic, T., Sato, H., Seiler, A., Bannai, S., Weiss, N., Kölle, P., Tschoep, K., Issels, R. D., Daniel, P. T., et al. (2007) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1210796 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Harris, M. J., & Juriloff, D. M. (2006) · Birth Defects Research Part A Clinical and Molecular Teratology · doi:10.1002/bdra.20333 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
The Thioredoxin System as a Therapeutic Target in Human Health and Disease
Mahmood, D. F. D., Abderrazak, A., Hadri, K. E., Simmet, T., & Rouis, M. (2012) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2012.4757 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Leung, L., Kwong, M., Hou, S., Lee, C., & Chan, J. Y. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m308439200 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Inhibition of endogenous thioredoxin in the heart increases oxidative stress and cardiac hypertrophy
Yamamoto, M., Yang, G., Hong, C., Liu, J., Holle, E., Yu, X., Wagner, T. E., Vatner, S. F., & Sadoshima, J. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci17700 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
System xc− and Thioredoxin Reductase 1 Cooperatively Rescue Glutathione Deficiency
Mandal, P. K., Seiler, A., Perisic, T., Kölle, P., Banjac Canak, A., Förster, H., Weiss, N., Kremmer, E., Lieberman, M. W., Bannai, S., et al. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.121327 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Thioredoxin-2 Inhibits Mitochondria-Located ASK1-Mediated Apoptosis in a JNK-Independent Manner
Zhang, R., Al-Lamki, R., Bai, L., Streb, J. W., Miano, J., Bradley, J., & Min, W. (2004) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.0000130525.37646.a7 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Papaconstantinou, J. (2019) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells8111383 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Thioredoxin and Its Role in Toxicology
Watson, W. H. (2003) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfh050 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Human selenoproteins at a glance
Gromer, S., Eubel, J., Lee, B. L., & Jacob, J. (2005) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-005-5143-y · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Calabrese, V., Guagliano, E., Sapienza, M. A., Panebianco, M., Calafato, S., Puleo, E., Pennisi, G., Mancuso, C., Butterfield, D. A., & Stella, A. G. (2006) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-006-9203-y · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Nonn, L., Berggren, M. M., & Powis, G. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Self-citationLu, Z., Xu, X., Hu, X., Fassett, J., Zhu, G., Tao, Y., Li, J., Huang, Y., Zhang, P., Zhao, B., et al. (2010) · Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2009.2940 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Ikeno, Y., Qi, W., Chaudhuri, A., Li, Y., Bokov, A., Thorpe, S. R., Baynes, J., Epstein, C. J., Richardson, A. G., et al. (2009) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glp132 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Respiration-dependent H2O2 removal in brain mitochondria via the thioredoxin/peroxiredoxin system
Drechsel, D. A., & Patel, M. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.101196 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Stanley, B. A., Sivakumaran, V., Shi, S., McDonald, I., Lloyd, D., Watson, W. H., Aon, M. A., & Paolocci, N. (2011) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m111.284612 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Glutathione‐dependent reductive stress triggers mitochondrial oxidation and cytotoxicity
Zhang, H., Limphong, P., Pieper, J., Liu, Q., Rodesch, C., Christians, E., & Benjamin, I. (2012) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.11-199869 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Brennan, L., & Kantorow, M. (2008) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2008.05.018 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Oxidative stress and cell death
Rumora, L., Petrik, J., & Žanić‐Grubišić, T. (2003) · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Principles in Redox Signaling: From Chemistry to Functional Significance
Bindoli, A., & Rigobello, M. P. (2012) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2012.4655 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Thioredoxin and Its Related Molecules: Update 2005
Nakamura, H. (2005) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2005.7.823 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Alzheimer's Disease: Redox Dysregulation As a Common Denominator for Diverse Pathogenic Mechanisms
Rommy von Bernhardi, M., & Eugenín, J. L. (2011) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2011.4082 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Reactive oxygen species: A radical role in development?
Hernández-García, D., Wood, C., Castro-Obregón, S., & Covarrubias, L. (2010) · Free Radical Biology & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.03.020 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Liu, X., Zhang, Y., Zhuang, L., Olszewski, K. L., & Gan, B. (2020) · Genes & Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.gendis.2020.11.010 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Thioredoxin-2 Inhibits Mitochondrial ROS Generation and ASK1 Activity to Maintain Cardiac Function
Huang, Q.-H., Zhou, H., Zhang, H.-F., Huang, Y., Hinojosa-Kirschenbaum, F., Fan, P., Yao, L., Belardinelli, L., Tellides, G., Giordano, F. J., et al. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.012725 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Oxr1 Is Essential for Protection against Oxidative Stress-Induced Neurodegeneration
Oliver, P. L., Finelli, M. J., Edwards, B., Bitoun, E., Butts, D. L., Becker, E. B. E., Cheeseman, M. T., Davies, B., & Davies, K. E. (2011) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002338 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Santos, A. L., Sinha, S., & Lindner, A. B. (2018) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2018/1941285 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Cox, A. G., Brown, K., Arnér, E. S. J., & Hampton, M. B. (2008) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2008.08.021 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Mitochondrial Thioredoxin-Responding Off–On Fluorescent Probe
Lee, M. H., Han, J. H., Lee, J.-H., Choi, H. G., Kang, C., & Kim, J. S. (2012) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja308446y · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Tolédano, M. B., Kumar, C., Moan, N. L., Spector, D., & Tacnet, F. (2007) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2007.07.002 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
He, F., Huang, Y., Song, Z. Q., Zhou, H. J., Zhang, H., Perry, R. J., Shulman, G. I., & Wang, M. (2020) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20201416 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Increased susceptibility of MER5 (peroxiredoxin III) knockout mice to LPS-induced oxidative stress
Li, L., Shoji, W., Takano, H., Nishimura, N., Aoki, Y., Takahashi, R., Goto, S., Kaifu, T., Takai, T., & Obinata, M. (2007) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.02.022 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Involvement of thio-, peroxi-, and glutaredoxins in cellular redox-dependent processes
Kalinina, E. V., Chernov, N., & Saprin, A. (2008) · Biochemistry (Moscow) · doi:10.1134/s0006297908130099 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Lillig, C. H., Lönn, M. E., Enoksson, M., Fernandes, A. P., & Holmgren, A. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0401896101 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Redox balance and cardioprotection
Tullio, F., Angotti, C., Perrelli, M.-G., Penna, C. R. R., & Pagliaro, P. (2013) · Basic Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00395-013-0392-7 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Mandal, P. K., Schneider, M., Kölle, P., Kuhlencordt, P. J., Förster, H., Beck, H., Bornkamm, G. W., & Conrad, M. (2010) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1509 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
NADPH oxidases: key modulators in aging and age-related cardiovascular diseases?
Sahoo, S., Meijles, D. N., & Pagano, P. J. (2016) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20150087 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Ahsan, M., Lekli, I., Ray, D., Yodoi, J., & Das, D. (2009) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2009.2683 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Selenium Cytotoxicity in Cancer
Wallenberg, M., Misra, S., & Björnstedt, M. (2014) · Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology · doi:10.1111/bcpt.12207 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Selenoproteins and the aging brain
Zhang, S., Rocourt, C. R. B., & Cheng, W. (2010) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2010.02.006 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
High levels of thioredoxin reductase 1 modulate drug-specific cytotoxic efficacy
Eriksson, S. E., Prast‐Nielsen, S., Flaberg, E., Székely, L., & Arnér, E. S. J. (2009) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.09.016 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
McCann, J. C., & Ames, B. N. (2011) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.11-180885 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Godoy, J. R., Funke, M., Ackermann, W., Haunhorst, P., Oesteritz, S., Capani, F., Elsässer, H., & Lillig, C. H. (2010) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.05.006 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Mitochondrial Thiols in the Regulation of Cell Death Pathways
Yin, F., Sancheti, H., & Cadenas, E. (2012) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2012.4639 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Emerging potential of thioredoxin and thioredoxin interacting proteins in various disease conditions
Maulik, N., & Das, D. K. (2008) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.12.008 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Negative regulators of cardiac hypertrophy
Hardt, S. E. (2004) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1016/j.cardiores.2004.03.015 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Rackham, O., Shearwood, A.-M. J., Thyer, R. T., McNamara, E. L., Davies, S. M. K., Callus, B. A., Miranda‐Vizuete, A., Berners‐Price, S. J., Cheng, Q., Arnér, E. S. J., et al. (2010) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.015 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Redox Control in Mammalian Embryo Development
Ufer, C., Wang, C. C., Borchert, A., Heydeck, D., & Kühn, H. (2010) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2009.3044 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Thioredoxin h 5 Is Required for Victorin Sensitivity Mediated by a CC-NBS-LRR Gene in Arabidopsis
Sweat, T. A., & Wolpert, T. (2007) · The Plant Cell · doi:10.1105/tpc.106.047563 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Čėnas, N., Prast‐Nielsen, S., Nivinskas, H., Šarlauskas, J., & Arnér, E. S. J. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m511972200 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
The Emerging Role of the Thioredoxin System in Angiogenesis
Dunn, L., Buckle, A., Cooke, J. P., & Ng, M. (2010) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.110.209643 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Free Radicals and Reactive Oxygen Species
Kehrer, J., Robertson, J., & Smith, C. V. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-046884-6.00114-7 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Salmonella Type III Secretion Effector SlrP Is an E3 Ubiquitin Ligase for Mammalian Thioredoxin
Bernal-Bayard, J., & Ramos‐Morales, F. (2009) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.010363 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Effects of thioredoxin reductase-1 deletion on embryogenesis and transcriptome
Bondareva, A. A., Capecchi, M. R., Iverson, S. V., Li, Y., Lopez, N. I., Lucas, O., Merrill, G. F., Prigge, J. R., Siders, A. M., Wakamiya, M., et al. (2007) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.05.026 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
The Role of Thioredoxin Reductases in Brain Development
Soerensen, J., Jakupoglu, C., Beck, H., Förster, H., Schmidt, J., Schmahl, W., Schweizer, U., Conrad, M., & Brielmeier, M. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001813 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
The thioredoxin system in retroviral infection and apoptosis
Masutani, H., Ueda, S., & Yodoi, J. (2005) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401625 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Beneficial Effects of Exercise Pretreatment in a Sporadic Alzheimer’s Rat Model
Wu, C., Yang, L., Tucker, D., Dong, Y., Zhu, L., Duan, R., Liu, T. C., & Zhang, Q. (2017) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001519 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Mitochondrial Thioredoxin System
Patenaude, A., Murthy, M. R. V., & Mirault, M. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m402496200 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Nucleoredoxin, a Novel Thioredoxin Family Member Involved in Cell Growth and Differentiation
Funato, Y., & Miki, H. (2007) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2007.1550 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Pérez, V. I., Lew, C. M., Cortez, L. A., Webb, C. R., Rodriguez, M. R., Liu, Y.-H., Qi, W., Li, Y., Chaudhuri, A., Remmen, H. V., et al. (2008) · Free Radical Biology & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.11.018 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Stress Induction and Mitochondrial Localization of Oxr1 Proteins in Yeast and Humans
Elliott, N., & Volkert, M. R. (2004) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.24.8.3180-3187.2004 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Regulation of Cell Survival and Death by Pyridine Nucleotides
Oka, S., Hsu, C., & Sadoshima, J. (2012) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.111.247932 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Compartment-specific Control of Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging by Antioxidant Pathway Enzymes
Dey, S., Sidor, A., & O'Rourke, B. P. (2016) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m116.726968 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Cause or casualty: The role of mitochondrial DNA in aging and age-associated disease
Chocrón, E. S., Munkácsy, E., & Pickering, A. M. (2018) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.09.035 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Reactive Oxygen Species and the Aging Eye
Babizhayev, M. A., & Yegorov, Y. E. (2010) · American Journal of Therapeutics · doi:10.1097/mjt.0b013e3181ea31ff · Cited by 103 · see citing works
- Authors
- Nonn, L., Williams, R. R., Erickson, R. P., & Powis, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nonn, Larisa
- Powis, Garth
- Venue
- Molecular and Cellular Biology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2003-02-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 916-922
- ISSN
- 0270-7306 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5549
- PMC
- PMC140716
- OpenAlex
- W2061958603
- Cited by
- 438
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 8.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Molecular and Cellular Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (CA 23074, R01CA077204, CA77204, P30CA023074)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Keywords
- thioredoxin 2, mitochondrial thioredoxin, apoptosis, exencephaly, embryonic lethality, neural tube defects, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial maturation, embryonic fibroblasts, heterozygous mice
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Female, Fetal Death, Gestational Age, Heterozygote, Homozygote, Membrane Proteins, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mitochondria, Neural Tube Defects, Phenotype, Pregnancy, RNA, Messenger, Thioredoxins, Apoptosis, Mice, Knockout, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review