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Protein phosphorylation and regulation of adaptive responses in bacteria
Open accessAbstract
Bacteria continuously adapt to changes in their environment. Responses are largely controlled by signal transduction systems that contain two central enzymatic components, a protein kinase that uses adenosine triphosphate to phosphorylate itself at a histidine residue and a response regulator that accepts phosphoryl groups from the kinase. This conserved phosphotransfer chemistry is found in a wide range of bacterial species and operates in diverse systems to provide different regulatory outputs. The histidine kinases are frequently membrane receptor proteins that respond to environmental signals and phosphorylate response regulators that control transcription. Four specific regulatory systems are discussed in detail: chemotaxis in response to attractant and repellent stimuli (Che), regulation of gene expression in response to nitrogen deprivation (Ntr), control of the expression of enzymes and transport systems that assimilate phosphorus (Pho), and regulation of outer membrane porin expression in response to osmolarity and other culture conditions (Omp). Several additional systems are also examined, including systems that control complex developmental processes such as sporulation and fruiting-body formation, systems required for virulent infections of plant or animal host tissues, and systems that regulate transport and metabolism. Finally, an attempt is made to understand how cross-talk between parallel phosphotransfer pathways can provide a global regulatory curcuitry.
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Citations
Cited by
Mechanisms of membrane toxicity of hydrocarbons
Sikkema, J., de Bont, J. A., & Poolman, B. (1995) · Microbiological Reviews · doi:10.1128/mr.59.2.201-222.1995 · Cited by 2,685
“In addition to its role in solute transport, the cytoplasmic membrane plays a crucial role in maintenance of the energy status of the cell (127), regulation of the intracellular environment (33), turgor pressure (131), signal transduction (297), and other energy-transducing processes.”
BackgroundBerks, B. C., Ferguson, S. J., Moir, J. W. B., & Richardson, D. J. (1995) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/0005-2728(95)00092-5 · Cited by 596
Bacteriocins and their food applications
And, H. C., & Hoover, D. G. (2003) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2003.tb00016.x · Cited by 550
Arthur, M., Molinas, C., & Courvalin, P. (1992) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.174.8.2582-2591.1992 · Cited by 338
van der Meer, J. R., Polman, J., Beerthuyzen, M. M., Siezen, R. J., Kuipers, O. P., & De Vos, W. M. (1993) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.175.9.2578-2588.1993 · Cited by 318
Hrabak, E. M., & Willis, D. K. (1992) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.174.9.3011-3020.1992 · Cited by 218
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Fujisawa, T., Narikawa, R., Okamoto, S., Ehira, S., Yoshimura, H., Suzuki, I., Masuda, T., Mochimaru, M., Takaichi, S., Awai, K., et al. (2010) · DNA Research · doi:10.1093/dnares/dsq004 · Cited by 128
Troxell, B., Sikes, M. L., Fink, R. C., Vazquez-Torres, A., Jones-Carson, J., & Hassan, H. M. (2011) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.00942-10 · Cited by 99
Environmental effects on the light-harvesting complex of cyanobacteria
Grossman, A. R., Schaefer, M. R., Chiang, G. G., & Collier, J. L. (1993) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.175.3.575-582.1993 · Cited by 87
Signal transduction in bacteria: phospho-neural network(s) in Escherichia coli?
Hellingwerf, K. J., Postma, P. W., Tommassen, J., & Westerhoff, H. V. (1995) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.1995.tb00178.x · Cited by 86
Veyron-Churlet, R., Zanella-Cléon, I., Cohen-Gonsaud, M., Molle, V., & Kremer, L. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.105189 · Cited by 80
Regulation of nitrate and nitrite reductase synthesis in enterobacteria
Stewart, V. (1994) · Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · doi:10.1007/bf00871631 · Cited by 62
Ito, Y., Nakagawa, S., Komagata, A., Ikeda-Saito, M., Shiro, Y., & Nakamura, H. (2009) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2009.06.001 · Cited by 28
Mahapatra, N., Mahanta, P., Pandey, S., & Acharya, R. (2025) · Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1002/prot.26819 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Stock, J., Ninfa, A. J., & Stock, A.
- Venue
- Microbiological Reviews
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 1989-01-01
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 450-490
- ISSN
- 0146-0749 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1952814327
- Cited by
- 1,707
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 65.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
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