Cellulose biosynthesis and function in bacteria
Open accessAbstract
The current model of cellulose biogenesis in plants, as well as bacteria, holds that the membranous cellulose synthase complex polymerizes glucose moieties from UDP-Glc into beta-1,4-glucan chains which give rise to rigid crystalline fibrils upon extrusion at the outer surface of the cell. The distinct arrangement and degree of association of the polymerizing enzyme units presumably govern extracellular chain assembly in addition to the pattern and width of cellulose fibril deposition. Most evident for Acetobacter xylinum, polymerization and assembly appear to be tightly coupled. To date, only bacteria have been effectively studied at the biochemical and genetic levels. In A. xylinum, the cellulose synthase, composed of at least two structurally similar but functionally distinct subunits, is subject to a multicomponent regulatory system. Regulation is based on the novel nucleotide cyclic diguanylic acid, a positive allosteric effector, and the regulatory enzymes maintaining its intracellular turnover: diguanylate cyclase and Ca2(+)-sensitive bis-(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP) phosphodiesterase. Four genes have been isolated from A. xylinum which constitute the operon for cellulose synthesis. The second gene encodes the catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase; the functions of the other three gene products are still unknown. Exclusively an extracellular product, bacterial cellulose appears to fulfill diverse biological roles within the natural habitat, conferring mechanical, chemical, and physiological protection in A. xylinum and Sarcina ventriculi or facilitating cell adhesion during symbiotic or infectious interactions in Rhizobium and Agrobacterium species. A. xylinum is proving to be most amenable for industrial purposes, allowing the unique features of bacterial cellulose to be exploited for novel product applications.
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Bacterial cellulose (BC) is produced by acetic acid bacteria Gluconobacter xylinum and is obtainable in a pure form that requires no intensive processing to remove lignin, pectin and hemicellulose.
“Bacterial cellulose (BC), produced by acetic acid bacteria Gluconobacter xylinum, is obtainable in a pure form which requires no intensive processing to remove undesirable impurities and contaminants such as lignin, pectin and hemicellulose.75,76”
From Sustainable hybrid photocatalysts: titania immobilized on carbon materials derived from renewable and biodegradable resources (2016) · cites this paper as [76]
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“In such an analysis, however, the effect of substitutions on the overall conformation of the molecule is not taken into account; cyclic dinucleotides can adopt a variety of asymmetrical conformations in solution (24) and in the crystalline state (53); this necessarily limits many conclusions regarding the structure-fu…”
BackgroundRegulation of hexose phosphate metabolism in Acetobacter xylinum.
Weinhouse, H., & Benziman, M. (1974) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj1380537 · Cited by 28
Self-citationDeveloping a hypothesis: Native cellulose elementary fibrils are formed with metastable structure
Stöckmann, V. E. (1972) · doi:10.1002/bip.1972.360110119 · Cited by 28
Characterization and Properties of the Pyruvate Phosphorylation System of Acetobacter xylinum
Benziman, M., & Palgi, A. (1970) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.104.1.211-218.1970 · Cited by 28 · cited 1×
“Within the cell, PP, is rapidly cleaved to yield Pi (18).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFactors afecting the activity of pyruvate kinase of Acetobacter xylinum.
Benziman, M. (1969) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj1120631 · Cited by 28 · cited 1×
“mutase (60); 9, glucose-6-P1-dehydrogenase (NAD); 9a, glucose-6-Pi-dehydrogenase (NADP) (17); 10, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (NAD); 10a, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (NADP); 11, phosphoglucoisomerase; 12, phosphoribulose epimerase; 13, phosphoribulose isomerase; 14, transketolase; 15, transaldolase (60); 16,…”
Self-citationFactors Affecting Hexose Phosphorylation in Acetobacter xylinum
Benziman, M., & Rivetz, B. (1972) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.111.2.325-333.1972 · Cited by 28 · cited 4× · see citing works
“1, Cellulose synthase (2, 115); 2, glucose oxidase (60); 3, glucose permease; 4, gluconate permease (19); 5, UDPG-pyrophosphorylase (UTP) (143); 6, glucokinase (ATP) (19); 7, gluconokinase (ATP); 8, phosphogluco-”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationCarbohydrate Metabolism in Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Arthur, L., Bulla, L., Julian, G. S., et al. (1973) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.116.1.304-313.1973 · Cited by 27
Purification and Regulatory Properties of the Oxaloacetate Decarboxylase of Acetobacter xylinum
Benziman, M., Russo, A., Hochman, S., et al. (1978) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.134.1.1-9.1978 · Cited by 26 · cited 2×
“mutase (60); 9, glucose-6-P1-dehydrogenase (NAD); 9a, glucose-6-Pi-dehydrogenase (NADP) (17); 10, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (NAD); 10a, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (NADP); 11, phosphoglucoisomerase; 12, phosphoribulose epimerase; 13, phosphoribulose isomerase; 14, transketolase; 15, transaldolase (60); 16,…”
BackgroundSelf-citationTunnel structures in Acetobacter xylinum
Thompson, N. S., Carlson, J. A., Kaustinen, H., et al. (1988) · doi:10.1016/0141-8130(88)90021-9 · Cited by 24
Koreeda, A., Harada, T., Ogawa, K., et al. (1974) · doi:10.1016/s0008-6215(00)82823-2 · Cited by 24 · cited 1×
“is synthesized simultaneously with other exopolysaccharides, including curdlan, a P-1,3-glucan which appears to contain some degree of organized tertiary structure and yields insoluble gels (86).”
BackgroundWhitfield, C., Adams, D. A., & Troy, F. (1984) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)90812-4 · Cited by 21
Cooper, D., & Manley, R. (1975) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta · doi:10.1016/0304-4165(75)90192-0 · Cited by 21 · cited 1×
“This is in contradiction to previously proposed models in which intramembranous particles that were revealed by freeze-etching of the cell envelope were taken to indicate that cellulose synthase is located in the outer membrane (28, 38).”
ResultFLAVINE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE-LINKED MALIC DEHYDROGENASE FROM ACETOBACTER XYLINUM
Benziman, M., & Galanter, Y. (1964) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.88.4.1010-1018.1964 · Cited by 20
Self-citationHotchkiss, A. (1989) · doi:10.1021/bk-1989-0399.ch017 · Cited by 19 · cited 1×
“The biological occurrence of terminal complexes and rosettes has been classified according to phylogenetic history, wherein the distinction is made between fixed and mobile bigenetic apparatus (27, 77, 89).”
BackgroundAmemura, A. (1984) · doi:10.1271/bbb1961.48.1809 · Cited by 19 · cited 1×
“coli, in which the native products, known as membrane-derived oligosaccharides (MDOs), typically occur as ,8-1,6-branched derivatives in linkage to phosphoglyceride and/or succinate, as well as in membranous preparations from Agrobacterium radiobacter and Rhizobium phaseoli, in which the predominant in vivo species is…”
BackgroundDoes β-Glucan Synthesis Need a Primer?
Maclachlan, G. (1982) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-1116-4_16 · Cited by 19
Activities of citrate synthase and other enzymes of Acetobacter xylinum in situ and in vitro.
Swissa, M., Weinhouse, H., & Benziman, M. (1976) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj1530499 · Cited by 18
Self-citationRegulation of gluconeogenesis in Acetobacter xylinum.
Weinhouse, H., & Benziman, M. (1972) · European Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1972.tb01886.x · Cited by 18
Self-citationRole of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylation in Acetobacter xylinum
Benziman, M. (1969) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.98.3.1005-1010.1969 · Cited by 18 · cited 1×
“mutase (60); 9, glucose-6-P1-dehydrogenase (NAD); 9a, glucose-6-Pi-dehydrogenase (NADP) (17); 10, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (NAD); 10a, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (NADP); 11, phosphoglucoisomerase; 12, phosphoribulose epimerase; 13, phosphoribulose isomerase; 14, transketolase; 15, transaldolase (60); 16,…”
Self-citationLipid-bound saccharides containing glucose and galactose in Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Staneloni, R., Tolmasky, M., & Leloir, L. (1984) · doi:10.1099/00221287-130-4-869 · Cited by 16 · cited 1×
“corresponding polyprenol diphosphate saccharide, which grows from the addition of galactose followed by glucosylation in a sequence of,B-1,4, ,B-1,6, and 1-1,3 bonding, as determined in vitro by using radiolabeled UDP-Glc or UDPGal as a substrate (131).”
MethodSwissa, M., & Benziman, M. (1976) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj1530173 · Cited by 15
Self-citationCellulose and β-Glucan Synthesis in Saprolegnia
Fěvre, M., Girard, V., & Nodet, P. (1990) · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-74215-6_7 · Cited by 15
β‐1,2‐Glucosyl transfer by membrane preparations from acetobacter xylinum
Sandermann, H., & Dekker, R. F. H. (1979) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(79)80504-9 · Cited by 14 · cited 2×
“xylinum strains have also been observed to utilize UDPGlc in forming a high-molecular-weight P-1,2-homoglucan (117); however, such a material has been detected in only”
BackgroundEffect of culture conditions of acetic acid bacteria on cellulose biosynthesis
Kamide, K., Matsuda, Y., Iijima, H., et al. (1990) · doi:10.1002/pi.4980220212 · Cited by 14 · cited 1×
“occurs at a rate that is linear with respect to the cell concentration (73, 81) and, as mentioned above, is constitutive with respect to the carbon source supplied for cell FIG.”
BackgroundThe extracellular proteins of Acetobacter xylinum and their relationship to cellulose synthesis.
Webb, T., & Colvin, J. (1967) · Canadian Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1139/o67-055 · Cited by 12
Intermediates of Cellulose Synthesis in Acetobacter
Aloni, Y., & Benziman, M. (1982) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-1116-4_17 · Cited by 12
Self-citationHisamatsu, M., Abe, J., Amemura, A., et al. (1980) · doi:10.1271/bbb1961.44.461 · Cited by 10 · cited 1×
“composed from an octasaccharide repeating unit containing glucose, galactose, and pyruvate in the ratio 7:1:1 (22, 74, 75, 158).”
BackgroundRuben, G., Bokelman, G. H., Krakow, W., et al. (1989) · doi:10.1021/bk-1989-0399.ch020 · Cited by 7
Comparisons between Synthetic and Natural Microfiber Systems
Sawyer, L., & George, W. (1982) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-1116-4_21 · Cited by 7 · cited 1×
“If individual ,-1,4glucan chains were synthesized in a disorganized, random fashion, the result would probably be a tangled mass in which any recognizable fibril structures contain chains associated in opposing directions or bent back upon themselves (119, 132).”
BackgroundStudies on Cellulose Metabolism (1970–1990)
Maclachlan, G. (1983) · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-6854-7_7 · Cited by 3
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Biofilms: the matrix revisited
Branda, S. S., Vik, Å., Friedman, L., & Kolter, R. (2004) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2004.11.006 · Cited by 1,772 · see citing works
Polylactide (PLA)-based nanocomposites
Raquez, J.-M., Habibi, Y., Murariu, M., & Dubois, P. (2013) · Progress in Polymer Science · doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.05.014 · Cited by 1,209 · see citing works
Bacterial cellulose as a potential scaffold for tissue engineering of cartilage
Svensson, A., Nicklasson, E., Harrah, T., Panilaitis, B., Kaplan, D. L., Brittberg, M., & Gatenholm, P. (2004) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.02.049 · Cited by 1,027 · see citing works
Optically Transparent Composites Reinforced with Networks of Bacterial Nanofibers
Yano, H., Sugiyama, J., Nakagaito, A. N., Nogi, M., Matsuura, T., Hikita, M., & Handa, K. (2005) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.200400597 · Cited by 976 · see citing works
Novel domains of the prokaryotic two-component signal transduction systems
Galperin, M. Y., Nikolskaya, A. N., & Koonin, E. V. (2001) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10814.x · Cited by 652 · see citing works
“An extensive study of this process by Benziman and colleagues showed that it is regulated by cyclic diguanylate (c-diGMP, bis(3P,5P)-cyclic diguanylic acid), a novel e¡ector molecule that consists of two cGMP moieties bound head-to-tail [31].”
BackgroundBacterial exopolysaccharides: biosynthesis pathways and engineering strategies
Schmid, J., Sieber, V., & Rehm, B. H. A. (2015) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00496 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
“The bacterial cytoplasmic membrane cellulose synthase (Bcs) proteins also belong to the GT2 family and are composed of three subunits (BcsA, BcsB, and BcsC; Ross et al., 1991).”
BackgroundRecent advances in bacterial cellulose
Huang, Y., Zhu, C., Yang, J., Nie, Y., Chen, C., & Sun, D. (2013) · Cellulose · doi:10.1007/s10570-013-0088-z · Cited by 597 · see citing works
“5): the pentose phosphate cycle for the oxidation of carbohydrates and the Kreb scycle for the oxidation of organic acids and related compounds (Bielecki et al. 2005; Ha et al. 2011; Ross et al. 1991; Sutherland 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialBacterial cellulose biosynthesis: diversity of operons, subunits, products, and functions
Römling, U., & Galperin, M. Y. (2015) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2015.05.005 · Cited by 575 · see citing works
Cellulose-based hydrogel materials: chemistry, properties and their prospective applications
Kabir, S. M. F., Sikdar, P. P., Haque, B., Bhuiyan, M. A. R., Ali, A., & Islam, M. N. (2018) · Progress in Biomaterials · doi:10.1007/s40204-018-0095-0 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose and interactions with smooth muscle cells
Bäckdahl, H., Helenius, G., Bodin, A., et al. (2005) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.10.026 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Adhesion and Surface Issues in Cellulose and Nanocellulose
Gardner, D. J., Oporto, G. S., Mills, R., & Samir, M. A. S. A. (2008) · Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology · doi:10.1163/156856108x295509 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Bacterial cellulose-based materials and medical devices: current state and perspectives
Petersen, N., & Gatenholm, P. (2011) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-011-3432-y · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Overview of Bacterial Cellulose Production and Application
Esa, F., Tasirin, S. M., & Rahman, N. A. (2014) · Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia · doi:10.1016/j.aaspro.2014.11.017 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
“During the synthesis process, protofibrils of glucose chain are secreted through bacteria cell wall and aggregate together forming nanofibrils cellulose ribbons (Ross et al., 1991).”
BackgroundBiosynthesis, production and applications of bacterial cellulose
Lin, S., Loira, I., Catchmark, J. M., Liu, J., Demırcı, A., & Cheng, K. (2013) · Cellulose · doi:10.1007/s10570-013-9994-3 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Bacterial cellulose as a material for wound treatment: Properties and modifications. A review
Sulaeva, I., Henniges, U., Rosenau, T., & Potthast, A. (2015) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.07.009 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
“About 50 to 80 extrusion sites are located linearly along the cell long axis and release glucan chains (Ross et al., 1991).”
BackgroundLee, K., Buldum, G., Mantalaris, A., & Bismarck, A. (2013) · Macromolecular Bioscience · doi:10.1002/mabi.201300298 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Applications of bacterial cellulose in food, cosmetics and drug delivery
Ullah, H., Santos, H. A., & Khan, T. (2016) · Cellulose · doi:10.1007/s10570-016-0986-y · Cited by 425 · see citing works
“G. xylinus is the most extensively used microorganism in the basic and applied studies for BC production because of its higher productivity, and capability to consume different sugars and other compounds as sources of carbon (Ross et al. 1991; Saxena and Brown 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialde Amorim, J. D. P., de Souza, K. C., Duarte, C. R., Duarte, I. D. S., Ribeiro, F. D. A. S., da Silva, G. S., Farias, P. M. A., Stingl, A., Costa, A. F. D. S., Vinhas, G. M., et al. (2020) · Environmental Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1007/s10311-020-00989-9 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Recent advances in bacterial cellulose production
Shoda, M., & Sugano, Y. (2005) · Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering · doi:10.1007/bf02931175 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Applications of bacterial cellulose and its composites in biomedicine
Rajwade, J. M., Paknikar, K. M., & Kumbhar, J. (2015) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-015-6426-3 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
“Recently, synthesis of gentamicin-activated BC membranes which were bactericidal against Streptococcus mutans but exhibited no toxicity to human dermal fibroblasts was reported (Rouabhia et al. 2014).”
BackgroundVasconcelos, N. F., Feitosa, J. P. A., Gama, M., et al. (2016) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.08.090 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Factors affecting the yield and properties of bacterial cellulose
Krystynowicz, A., Czaja, W., Wiktorowska-Jezierska, A., et al. (2002) · Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/sj.jim.7000303 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Costa, A. F. D. S., Almeida, F. C. G., Vinhas, G. M., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.02027 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
“The aerobic gram-negative bacterium G. hansenii is one the most studied BC producer that assimilate various sugars and yields high levels of cellulose in liquid medium (Ross et al., 1991; Sani and Dahman, 2010; Moosavi-Nasab and Yousefi, 2011).”
BackgroundBiotechnological Applications of Acetic Acid Bacteria
Raspor, P., & Goranovič, D. (2008) · Critical Reviews in Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/07388550802046749 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
“Initially, they form subfibrils (consisting of 10–15 nascent β-1,4-glucan chains) and then later microfibrils, and, finally, bundles of microfibrils consisting of a loosely wound ribbon, which is comprised of about 1,000 individual glucan chains (Ross, Mayer, and Benziman, 1991).”
BackgroundBacterial Cellulose Production and its Industrial Applications
Keshk, S. M. A. S. (2014) · Journal of Bioprocessing & Biotechniques · doi:10.4172/2155-9821.1000150 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
“Very few genera of bacteria can synthesize cellulose, but the gram-negative bacterium Gluconacetobacter xylinus (Formerly known as Acetobacter xylinum) secretes large quantities of cellulose as microfibrils from a row of synthetic sites along the longitudinal axis of the cell [8,9].”
BackgroundUllah, H., Wahid, F., Santos, H. A., et al. (2016) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.029 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Allosteric Control of Cyclic di-GMP Signaling
Christen, B., Christen, M., Paul, R., Schmid, F. F.-F., Folcher, M., Jenoe, P., Meuwly, M., & Jenal, U. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m603589200 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Enhancement of the fermentation process and properties of bacterial cellulose: a review
Campano, C., Balea, A., Blanco, Á., & Negro, C. (2015) · Cellulose · doi:10.1007/s10570-015-0802-0 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
In situ and ex situ modifications of bacterial cellulose for applications in tissue engineering
Stumpf, T. R., Yang, X., Zhang, J., & Cao, X. (2016) · Materials Science and Engineering C · doi:10.1016/j.msec.2016.11.121 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Mikkelsen, D., Flanagan, B. M., Dykes, G. A., et al. (2009) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04226.x · Cited by 273 · see citing works
“A notable feature of this microorganism is its ability to produce cellulose, with a high degree of crystallinity, thus distinguishing it from plant cellulose (Cannon and Anderson 1991; Ross et al. 1991).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCurrent challenges, applications and future perspectives of SCOBY cellulose of Kombucha fermentation
Laavanya, D., Shirkole, S. S., & Balasubramanian, P. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126454 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
A class of plant glycosyltransferases involved in cellular homeostasis
Lim, E., & Bowles, D. J. (2004) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600295 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
“Given that UDPglucose is abundant in bacterial cells (Ross et al, 1991), the possibility of using the endogenous metabolite to synthesise glycosides in a whole-cell biocatalysis process has been explored (Arend et al, 2001; Lim et al, 2004).”
BackgroundCarbon Supply and the Regulation of Cell Wall Synthesis
Verbančič, J., Lunn, J. E., Stitt, M., & Persson, S. (2017) · Molecular Plant · doi:10.1016/j.molp.2017.10.004 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Biosynthesis and Expression of Cell-Surface Polysaccharides in Gram-Negative Bacteria
Whitfield, C., & Valvano, M. A. (1993) · Advances in microbial physiology/Advances in Microbial Physiology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60099-5 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Cyclic di-GMP as a bacterial second messenger
D’Argenio, D. A., & Miller, S. I. (2004) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/mic.0.27099-0 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
“A c-di-GMP binding protein provides another layer of regulation (Ross et al., 1991).”
BackgroundInfluentialA novel biomaterial: bacterial cellulose and its new era applications
Mohite, B. V., & Patil, S. V. (2013) · Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/bab.1148 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
“xylinum and Sarcina ventriculi, or assist cell adhesion processes necessary for symbiotic or infectious interactions, as in Rhizobium and Agrobacterium species [29].”
BackgroundBarud, H. G. O., Barud, H. D. S., Cavicchioli, M., do Amaral, T. S., de Oliveira, O. B., Santos, D. M., Petersen, A. L. D. O. A., Celes, F. S., Borges, V. M., de Oliveira, C. I., et al. (2015) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.007 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Functional cellulose-based hydrogels as extracellular matrices for tissue engineering
Dutta, S. D., Patel, D. K., & Lim, K. (2019) · Journal of Biological Engineering · doi:10.1186/s13036-019-0177-0 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
“Gram-positive Sarcina ventriculi Cell culture, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine [82]; [88]; [89] Dutta et al.”
BackgroundApplication of bacterial cellulose in skin and bone tissue engineering
Pang, M., Huang, Y., Meng, F., Zhuang, Y., Liu, H., Du, M., Ma, Q., Wang, Q., Chen, Z., Chen, L., et al. (2019) · European Polymer Journal · doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109365 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Structure and Engineering of Celluloses
Pérez, S., & Samain, D. (2010) · Advances in carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0065-2318(10)64003-6 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Reiniati, I., Hrymak, A. N., & Margaritis, A. (2016) · Critical Reviews in Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/07388551.2016.1189871 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
“tions have been reported in detail elsewhere.[6,23,31]”
BackgroundInfluentialNimeskern, L., Ávila, H. M., Sundberg, J., et al. (2013) · Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials/Journal of mechanical behavior of biomedical materials · doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.03.005 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Jenal, U. (2004) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2004.02.007 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Genome analyses highlight the different biological roles of cellulases
Medie, F. M., Davies, G. J., Drancourt, M., & Henrissat, B. (2012) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2729 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Rawat, S. R., Männistö, M. K., Bromberg, Y., & Häggblom, M. M. (2012) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01381.x · Cited by 199 · see citing works
“Cellulose biogenesis is reported for several bacteria, of which the most extensively studied is Gluconacetobacter xylinus (formerly Acetobacter xylinum) (Ross et al., 1991; Römling, 2002).”
BackgroundColmenares, J. C., Varma, R. S., & Lisowski, P. (2016) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c6gc02477g · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Genetic data indicate that proteins containing the GGDEF domain possess diguanylate cyclase activity
Ausmees, N., Mayer, R., Weinhouse, H., Volman, G., Amikam, D., Benziman, M., & Lindberg, M. (2001) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10880.x · Cited by 198 · see citing works
“Bacteria, however, seem to produce cellulose for various purposes and the biological advantages of this ability are not always obvious [6].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSon, H., Heo, M., Kim, Y., & Lee, S. J. (2001) · Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry · doi:10.1042/ba20000065 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Miqueleto, A. P., Dolosic, C. C., Pozzi, E., Foresti, E., & Zaiat, M. (2009) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.09.026 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
“According to Ross et al. (1991), cellulose production by Acetobacter xylinum is conditional on concurrent oxidation processes, but does not depend on net protein synthesis.”
InfluentialSinghsa, P., Narain, R., & Manuspiya, H. (2018) · Cellulose · doi:10.1007/s10570-018-1699-1 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
“Bacterial cellulose is synthesized by microorganisms using a metabolic pool of hexose phosphate which is obtained directly by the phosphorylation of exogenous hexoses, and indirectly through the pentose cycle and gluconeogenic pathway (Colvin and Leppard 1977; Ross et al. 1991; Schramm et al. 1957).”
BackgroundFabricating materials from living organisms: An emerging design practice
Camere, S., & Karana, E. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.081 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Surface modification of natural fibers in polymer composites
Ferreira, D. P., Cruz, J., & Fangueiro, R. M. E. S. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102177-4.00001-x · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Fang, B., Wan, Y., Tang, T., Gao, C. C., & Dai, K. (2009) · Tissue Engineering Part A · doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0110 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Microbial exopolysaccharides: Resources and bioactive properties
Yıldız, H., & Karataş, N. (2018) · Process Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2018.06.009 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
El‐Saied, H., Basta, A. H., & Gobran, R. H. (2004) · Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering · doi:10.1081/ppt-120038065 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Ma, H., Burger, C. P., Hsiao, B. S., et al. (2013) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2013.11.055 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“For example, one benign way to prepare cellulose nanofibers is by using acetobacter xylinum to produce bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofibers [6–8].”
Methodc‐di‐GMP‐binding protein, a new factor regulating cellulose synthesis in Acetobacter xylinum
Weinhouse, H., Sapir, S., Amikam, D., et al. (1997) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(97)01202-7 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Self-citationMohite, B. V., & Patil, S. V. (2014) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.02.012 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Signal transduction by heme-containing PAS-domain proteins
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“Work by Benziman and colleagues (53, 54) showed the cellulose synthase in A.”
BackgroundA Review of Fabrication and Applications of Bacterial Cellulose Based Nanocomposites
Qiu, K., & Netravali, A. N. (2014) · Journal of macromolecular science. Part C, Reviews in macromolecular chemistry and physics/Journal of macromolecular science. Reviews in macromolecular chemistry and physics · doi:10.1080/15583724.2014.896018 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Cellulose microfibrils in plants: Biosynthesis, deposition, and integration into the cell wall
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Characterization of Cellulose Production by a Gluconacetobacter xylinus Strain from Kombucha
Nguyen, V. T., Flanagan, B. M., Gidley, M. J., et al. (2008) · Current Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00284-008-9228-3 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“Bacterial cellulose (BC), which is produced by some strains of the bacterial genera Acetobacter, Agrobacterium, Gluconacetobacter, Rhizobium, and Sarcina, represents a potential alternative to plant-derived cellulose for some specialist applications in the medical, acoustic, and other industries [12, 17].”
BackgroundSon, H., Kim, H.-G., Kim, K. K., et al. (2002) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/s0960-8524(02)00176-1 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Bacterial cellulose/collagen composite: Characterization and first evaluation of cytocompatibility
Zhijiang, C., & Yang, G. Y. (2011) · Journal of Applied Polymer Science · doi:10.1002/app.33318 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Wang, S.-S., Han, Y.-H., Chen, J., et al. (2018) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym10090963 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“One direct pathway to produce BC is to pre-generate hexose phosphate by the phosphorylation of exogenous hexoses [35].”
BackgroundCellulose Synthesis and Its Regulation
Li, S., Bashline, L., Lei, L., & Gu, Y. (2014) · The Arabidopsis Book · doi:10.1199/tab.0169 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“Cellulose crystallization in bacteria occurs after glucan chains have been transported out of the cell (Ross et al., 1991), whereas the crystallization of glucan chains in higher plants might be a function of the CSC.”
BackgroundEffect of chitosan penetration on physico-chemical and mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose
Ul‐Islam, M., Shah, N., Ha, J. H., et al. (2011) · Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s11814-011-0042-4 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Metabolic flux analysis of Gluconacetobacter xylinus for bacterial cellulose production
Zhong, C., Zhang, G.-C., Liu, M., Zheng, X., Han, P.-P., & Jia, S. (2013) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-013-4908-8 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“…carbon sources Synthesis of BC is a precisely and precisely regulated multistep process, which includes two main operative amphibolic pathways (Ross et al. 1991; Schramm Gromet and Hestrin 1957): the pentose phosphate cycle (also known as hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP)) for the oxidation…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBacterial cellulose films: influence of bacterial strain and drying route on film properties
Zeng, M., Laromaine, A., & Roig, A. (2014) · Cellulose · doi:10.1007/s10570-014-0408-y · Cited by 143 · see citing works
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Biosynthesis of bacterial cellulose/multi-walled carbon nanotubes in agitated culture
Yan, Z., Chen, S., Wang, H., Wang, B., & Jiang, J. (2008) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.04.028 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Improvement production of bacterial cellulose by semi-continuous process in molasses medium
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Toxicologic evaluation of bacterial synthesized cellulose in endothelial cells and animals
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Template assisted synthesis of porous nanofibrous cellulose membranes for tissue engineering
Rambo, C. R., Recouvreux, D. D. O. S., Carminatti, C. A., et al. (2007) · Materials Science and Engineering C · doi:10.1016/j.msec.2007.11.011 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Bis-(3′,5′)-cyclic dimeric adenosine monophosphate: Strong Th1/Th2/Th17 promoting mucosal adjuvant
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Microbial Cellulose Production from Bacteria Isolated from Rotten Fruit
Rangaswamy, B. E., Vanitha, K. P., & Hungund, B. S. (2015) · International Journal of Polymer Science · doi:10.1155/2015/280784 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Application of bacterial cellulose pellets in enzyme immobilization
Wu, S.-C., & Lia, Y.-K. (2008) · Journal of Molecular Catalysis B Enzymatic · doi:10.1016/j.molcatb.2007.12.021 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Juntaro, J., Pommet, M., Kalinka, G., et al. (2008) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.200703176 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Production and Characterization of Bacterial Cellulose from Citrus Peels
Güzel, M., & Akpınar, Ö. (2018) · Waste and Biomass Valorization · doi:10.1007/s12649-018-0241-x · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“It protects microorganisms against unfavourable environmental conditions such as low water content, extreme pHs, pathogenic microorganism [6], UV rays [7] etc.”
BackgroundBlum, M., Waldner, M., & Gisi, U. (2010) · Fungal Genetics and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2010.02.009 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“, 2000), tunicates (Kimura and Itoh, 1995), and some prokaryotes (Ross et al., 1991).”
BackgroundDevelopment of biodegradable antibacterial cellulose based hydrogel membranes for wound healing
Laçin, N. T. (2014) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.03.003 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Roelofs, K., Jones, C. J., Helman, S. R., Shang, X., Orr, M. W., Goodson, J. R., Galperin, M. Y., Yildiz, F. H., & Lee, V. T. (2015) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005232 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“Alter the buffer used to resuspend lysates—in the case of EAL domain PDE-As, resuspension in a buffer containing Ca2+ rather than Mg2+ can inhibit the activity of PDE-As [2] and increase the likelihood of detecting proteins that degrade c-diGMP.”
Keshk, S. M. A. S., & 鮫島, 一. (2006) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-005-0265-6 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“It has a more than 200 times greater surface area than isolated softwood cellulose (Delmer and Yehudit 1980; Ross et al. 1991).”
BackgroundAntoniani, D., Bocci, P., Maciag, A. E., et al. (2009) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-009-2199-x · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“A second messenger, bis-(3′,5′)-cyclic diguanylic acid, better known as cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP), plays a pivotal role in several processes linked to biofilm formation and maintenance, such as production of EPS and adhesion factors (Ross et al. 1991; Kader et al. 2006; Weber et al. 2006), as well as in modulation of v…”
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Biofilm formation by Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS365: a role for LapD
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“…factors known to influence biofilm formation Proteins containing a GGDEF domain have been shown to regulate cellulose production in bacteria including Gluconacetobacter, Salmonella and Pseudomonas (Garcia et al., 2004; Romling, 2005; Ross et al., 1991; Spiers et al., 2003; Tal et al., 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialBae, S., & Shoda, M. (2004) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-004-1723-2 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Cellulose containing crystalline β-1,4-glucan chains is secreted into the medium via the cellulose synthesis pathway using UDP-glucose as a precursor, where it exists as a clump of microfibrils (Lin et al. 1990; Ross et al. 1991).”
BackgroundLandini, P. (2009) · Research in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2009.03.001 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Determining the Water Holding Capacity of Microbial Cellulose
Schrecker, S. T., & Gostomski, P. A. (2005) · Biotechnology Letters · doi:10.1007/s10529-005-1465-y · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Bacterial Extracellular Polysaccharides in Biofilm Formation and Function
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Polysaccharide-based materials for cartilage tissue engineering applications
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“similar to the cellulose produced by plants and can be highly purified, resembling in crystallinity and average microfibrillar width that from many plants and algae (Ross et al., 1991).”
BackgroundInfluentialGaravaglia, M., Rossi, E., & Landini, P. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031252 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“In Gram negative bacteria, the modified nucleotide cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) plays a pivotal role in biofilm formation and maintenance by stimulating production of EPS and adhesion factors [5–8], while negatively affecting cell motility [9,10].”
BackgroundBacterial nanocellulose in papermaking
Skočaj, M. (2019) · Cellulose · doi:10.1007/s10570-019-02566-y · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Li, Y., Tian, C., Tian, H., et al. (2012) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-012-4242-6 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“The purified cellulose is dried at 80 °C and then weighed (unit: g/L) (Ross et al. 1991).”
BackgroundInfluentialMota, M. J., Lopes, R. P., Koubaa, M., Roohinejad, S., Barba, F. J., Delgadillo, I., & Saraiva, J. A. (2017) · Critical Reviews in Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/07388551.2017.1312272 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“Gluconacetobacter xylinus has been used as a model organism for bacterial cellulose (BC) biosynthesis [124].”
MethodFormation, derivatization and applications of bacterial cellulose
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Komagataeibacter rhaeticus as an alternative bacteria for cellulose production
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“Considering agitatedculture, microbial growth is more intense due to the larger oxygen supply in the culture medium (Ross et al., 1991).”
BackgroundKaraolis, D. K. R., Cheng, K., Lipsky, M., et al. (2005) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.01.093 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ross, P., Mayer, R., & Benziman, M.
- Affiliations
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
- Venue
- Microbiological Reviews
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 1991-03
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 35-58
- ISSN
- 0146-0749 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC372800
- OpenAlex
- W1911657064
- Cited by
- 1,231
- References
- 145
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 47
- FWCI
- 8.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Microbiological Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Advanced Cellulose Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Polysaccharides and Plant Cell Walls
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Keywords
- bacterial cellulose, cellulose biosynthesis, cellulose synthase, Acetobacter xylinum, c-di-GMP, diguanylate cyclase, c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase, allosteric regulation, Sarcina ventriculi, Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, cell adhesion
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Cellulose
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