Cited by 1,231Advanced Cellulose Research StudiesPolysaccharides and Plant Cell WallsBacterial Genetics and Biotechnology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 110 of the 145 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Cellulose biosynthesis and function in bacteria

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Ross, P, Mayer, R, Benziman, M·1991·Microbiological Reviews

DOI 10.1128/mmbr.55.1.35-58.1991PMC PMC372800

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Abstract

The current model of cellulose biogenesis in plants, as well as bacteria, holds that the membranous cellulose synthase complex polymerizes glucose moieties from UDP-Glc into beta-1,4-glucan chains which give rise to rigid crystalline fibrils upon extrusion at the outer surface of the cell. The distinct arrangement and degree of association of the polymerizing enzyme units presumably govern extracellular chain assembly in addition to the pattern and width of cellulose fibril deposition. Most evident for Acetobacter xylinum, polymerization and assembly appear to be tightly coupled. To date, only bacteria have been effectively studied at the biochemical and genetic levels. In A. xylinum, the cellulose synthase, composed of at least two structurally similar but functionally distinct subunits, is subject to a multicomponent regulatory system. Regulation is based on the novel nucleotide cyclic diguanylic acid, a positive allosteric effector, and the regulatory enzymes maintaining its intracellular turnover: diguanylate cyclase and Ca2(+)-sensitive bis-(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP) phosphodiesterase. Four genes have been isolated from A. xylinum which constitute the operon for cellulose synthesis. The second gene encodes the catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase; the functions of the other three gene products are still unknown. Exclusively an extracellular product, bacterial cellulose appears to fulfill diverse biological roles within the natural habitat, conferring mechanical, chemical, and physiological protection in A. xylinum and Sarcina ventriculi or facilitating cell adhesion during symbiotic or infectious interactions in Rhizobium and Agrobacterium species. A. xylinum is proving to be most amenable for industrial purposes, allowing the unique features of bacterial cellulose to be exploited for novel product applications.

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Synthesis of cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum. II. Preparation of freeze-dried cells capable of polymerizing glucose to cellulose.
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BackgroundInfluential
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BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
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BackgroundResultInfluential
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BackgroundInfluential

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Carbon partitioning to cellulose synthesis
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Enhanced Production of Bacterial Cellulose by Using Gluconacetobacter hansenii NCIM 2529 Strain Under Shaking Conditions
Mohite, B. V., Salunke, B. K., & Patil, S. V. (2013) · Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s12010-013-0092-7 · Cited by 54
Bacterial cellulose gels with high mechanical strength
Numata, Y., Sakata, T., Furukawa, H., & Tajima, K. (2014) · Materials Science and Engineering C · doi:10.1016/j.msec.2014.11.026 · Cited by 53
Bacterial cellulose/gelatin composites: in situ preparation and glutaraldehyde treatment
Chen, Y., Zhou, X., Lin, Q., et al. (2014) · Cellulose · doi:10.1007/s10570-014-0272-9 · Cited by 54
“In the production of cellulose I, four enzymatic steps are characterized using cell extracts of G. xylinum (Ross et al. 1991).”
Structure of the Cellulose Synthase Complex of Gluconacetobacter hansenii at 23.4 Å Resolution
Du, J., Vepachedu, V. R., Cho, S. H., Kumar, M., & Nixon, B. T. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155886 · Cited by 53
Bacterial cellulose: Biosynthesis, production, and applications
Raghavendran, V., Asare, E., & Roy, I. (2020) · Advances in microbial physiology/Advances in Microbial Physiology · doi:10.1016/bs.ampbs.2020.07.002 · Cited by 55
Genomic comparison of the endophyte Herbaspirillum seropedicaeSmR1 and the phytopathogen Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicansM1 by suppressive subtractive hybridization and partial genome sequencing
Monteiro, R. A., Balsanelli, E., Tuleski, T. R., et al. (2012) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01309.x · Cited by 53
“Cellulose production has also been implicated in the transition of planktonic to cell aggregates (Ross et al., 1991; Matthysse et al., 1995; Spiers & Rainey, 2005).”
Background
Cell Wall Biosynthesis and Its Regulation
Iiyama, K., Lam†, T. B. T., Meikle, P. J., et al. (1993) · ASSA, CSSA and SSSA · doi:10.2134/1993.foragecellwall.c24 · Cited by 55
The Effect of Carbon and Nitrogen Sources on Bacterial Cellulose Production and Properties from Gluconacetobacter sucrofermentans CECT 7291 Focused on its use in Degraded Paper Restoration
Santos, S. M., Carbajo, J. M., & Villar, J. C. (2013) · BioResources · doi:10.15376/biores.8.3.3630-3645 · Cited by 52
“For example, when compared to plant cellulose, BC ribbons are only one-hundredth in width (Shoda and Sugano 2005) and two orders of magnitude higher in tensile strength (Yamanaka et al. 1989).”
Background
Bacterial cellulose yield increased over 500% by supplementation of medium with vegetable oil
Żywicka, A., Junka, A., Szymczyk‐Ziółkowska, P., et al. (2018) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.126 · Cited by 52
Characterization of an acsD disruption mutant provides additional evidence for the hierarchical cell-directed self-assembly of cellulose in Gluconacetobacter xylinus
Mehta, K., Pfeffer, S., & Brown, R. M. (2014) · Cellulose · doi:10.1007/s10570-014-0521-y · Cited by 51
“Cellulose is produced by plants, algae, tunicates, colorless protists, as well as photosynthetic and heterotrophic bacteria (Brown 1985; Ross et al. 1991; Blanton et al. 2000; Kimura et al. 2001).”
BackgroundInfluential
The effect of deuteration on the structure of bacterial cellulose
Bali, G., Foston, M. B., O’Neill, H., et al. (2013) · Carbohydrate Research · doi:10.1016/j.carres.2013.04.009 · Cited by 51
Bacterial cellulose-derived carbon nanofibers as anode for lithium-ion batteries
Illa, M. P., Khandelwal, M., & Sharma, C. S. (2018) · Emergent Materials · doi:10.1007/s42247-018-0012-2 · Cited by 50
Analysis of the cellulose synthase operon genes, bcsA, bcsB, and bcsC in Cronobacter species: Prevalence among species and their roles in biofilm formation and cell–cell aggregation
Hu, L., Grim, C. J., Franco, A. A., et al. (2015) · Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.fm.2015.07.007 · Cited by 51
A novel bacterial cellulose membrane immobilized with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosome prevents epidural fibrosis
Wang, B., Li, P., Shangguan, L., Ma, J., Mao, K., Zhang, Q., Wang, Y., Liu, Z., & Mao, K. (2018) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s167880 · Cited by 51
“29,40 The BC + Exos membranes we fabricated in the present study were arrayed into 3D structure as seen under SEM and aligned with strong tensile strength and elongation of breaks, thereby conferring high cellulose crystallinity and proper mechanical strength to the BC membrane.”
Gluconacetobacter xylinus synthesized biocellulose nanofiber membranes with superhydrophilic and superoleophobic underwater properties for the high-efficiency separation of oil/water emulsions
Zhuang, G.-L., Wu, S., Lo, Y.-C., Chen, Y.-C., Tung, K., & Tseng, H. (2020) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118091 · Cited by 48
The diguanylate cyclase YddV controls production of the exopolysaccharide poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) through regulation of the PNAG biosynthetic pgaABCD operon
Tagliabue, L., Antoniani, D., Maciag, A. E., et al. (2010) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/mic.0.041350-0 · Cited by 49
“A second messenger, bis-(39,59)-cyclic diguanylic acid, better known as cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP), plays a pivotal role in biofilm formation and maintenance by stimulating production of EPS and adhesion factors (Ross et al., 1991; Simm et al., 2004; Kader et al., 2006; Weber et al., 2006).”
Background
Natural Self-grown Fashion From Bacterial Cellulose: A Paradigm Shift Design Approach In Fashion Creation
Ng, M. C. F., & Wang, P. W. (2016) · The Design Journal · doi:10.1080/14606925.2016.1208388 · Cited by 49
“Bacterial cellulose is a typical bionanocellulose material (Ross et al, 1991; Bäckdahl et al, 2006) that can be grown directly from the fermentation of a nutrient-rich solution through the symbiotic relationship between acetic acid bacteria and yeasts (Masaoka et al, 1993; Dufresne and Farnworth,…”
Background
Cellulose biosynthesis pathway is a potential target in the improved treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis
Dudley, R., Alsam, S., & Khan, N. A. (2007) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-006-0793-8 · Cited by 49
“(Del Gallo et al. 1989; Elorza et al. 1983; Herth 1980; Haigler et al. 1982; Ross et al. 1991; Roncero and Durán 1985).”
Background
Production of bacterial nanocellulose and enzyme from [ AMIM ]Cl‐pretreated waste cotton fabrics: effects of dyes on enzymatic saccharification and nanocellulose production
Guo, X., Chen, L., Tang, J., Jönsson, L. J., & Hong, F. F. (2015) · Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology · doi:10.1002/jctb.4738 · Cited by 49
BACTERIAL CELLULOSE: A NATURAL NANOMATERIAL FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Wang, J., Zhu, Y., & Du, J. (2011) · Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1142/s0219519411004058 · Cited by 49
Study of the Conditions for the Biosynthesis of Bacterial Cellulose by the Producer Medusomyces gisevii Sa-12
Gladysheva, E. K., Skiba, E. A., Николаевич, З. В., & Sakovich, G. V. (2018) · Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology · doi:10.1134/s0003683818020035 · Cited by 48
Azotobacter Genomes: The Genome of Azotobacter chroococcum NCIMB 8003 (ATCC 4412)
Robson, R. L., Jones, R., Robson, R. M., Schwartz, A., & Richardson, T. H. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127997 · Cited by 45
“The level of c-di-GMP is modulated in response to environmental conditions by the opposing activities of diguanylate cyclase (DGC) and phosphodiesterase A [83, 84].”
Cellulose Nanocrystals as Advanced "Green" Materials for Biological and Biomedical Engineering
Sinha, A., Martin, E. M., Lim, K., Carrier, D. J., Han, H., Zharov, V. P., & Kim, J.-W. (2015) · Journal of Biosystems Engineering · doi:10.5307/jbe.2015.40.4.373 · Cited by 50
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increase the proportion of cellulose and hemicellulose in the root stele of vetiver grass
Chen, X. W., Kang, Y., So, P. S., et al. (2018) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-018-3583-z · Cited by 47
“…using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arioli et al. 1998; Watanabe et al. 2015), a cellulose producing bacterium Acetobacter xylinum (Ross et al. 1991), or by comparing the cellulose synthase (CesA, catalyses the reaction that synthesizes glucose to glucan chain) gene expressions in…”
BackgroundMethod
Pathways and Genes Involved in Cellulose Biosynthesis
Kawagoe, Y., & Delmer, D. P. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-5925-2_4 · Cited by 46
Evaluation of immunoreactivity of in vitro and in vivo models against bacterial synthesized cellulose to be used as a prosthetic biomaterial
Kim, G.-D., Yang, H., Park, H. R., Park, C.-S., Park, Y. S., & Lee, S. E. (2013) · BioChip Journal · doi:10.1007/s13206-013-7302-9 · Cited by 45
Transdermal Delivery of Crocin Using Bacterial Nanocellulose Membrane
Abba, M., Ibrahim, Z., Chong, C. S., et al. (2019) · Fibers and Polymers · doi:10.1007/s12221-019-9076-8 · Cited by 43
The effect of c-di-GMP (3′–5′-cyclic diguanylic acid) on the biofilm formation and adherence of Streptococcus mutans
Yan, W., Qu, T., Zhao, H., et al. (2009) · Microbiological Research · doi:10.1016/j.micres.2008.10.001 · Cited by 43
Molecular basis of cellulose biosynthesis disappearance in submerged culture of Acetobacter xylinum.
Krystynowicz, A., Koziołkiewicz, M., Wiktorowska-Jezierska, A., et al. (2005) · Acta Biochimica Polonica · doi:10.18388/abp.2005_3432 · Cited by 43
“Two other genes belonging to this operon, dgc and pdeA, encode diguanylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase A, which are responsible for the synthesis and degradation of c-di-GMP, respectively (Ross et al., 1991).”
Background
Effect of pH Buffer and Carbon Metabolism on the Yield and Mechanical Properties of Bacterial Cellulose Produced by Komagataeibacter hansenii ATCC 53582
Li, Z., Chen, S., Cao, X., et al. (2020) · Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.4014/jmb.2010.10054 · Cited by 42
“, glycerol is the carbon source in the peripheral circuit of the glucose metabolism pattern of Acetobacter xylinum bacteria [47].”
Background
Structural and rheological characterization of bacterial cellulose gels obtained from Gluconacetobacter genus
Numata, Y., Kono, H., Mori, A., Kishimoto, R., & Tajima, K. (2019) · Food Hydrocolloids · doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.01.060 · Cited by 42
Cellulose as an Extracellular Matrix Component Present in Enterobacter sakazakii Biofilms
Grimm, M., Stephan, R., Iversen, C., et al. (2008) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/0362-028x-71.1.13 · Cited by 42
Shedding Light on the Formation and Structure of Kombucha Biofilm Using Two-Photon Fluorescence Microscopy
Tran, T., Grandvalet, C., Winckler, P., Verdier, F., Martin, A., Alexandre, H., & Tourdot‐Maréchal, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.725379 · Cited by 41
Formation of Cellulose-Based Composites with Hemicelluloses and Pectins Using Gluconacetobacter Fermentation
Mikkelsen, D., & Gidley, M. J. (2010) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-008-9_14 · Cited by 40
Metabolomic profiling coupled with metabolic network reveals differences in Gluconacetobacter xylinus from static and agitated cultures
Liu, M., Zhong, C., Wu, X., et al. (2015) · Biochemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bej.2015.05.002 · Cited by 40

Authors: Ross, P., Mayer, R., & Benziman, M.
Affiliations: Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
Venue: Microbiological Reviews
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Published: 1991-03
Volume: 55
Issue: 1
Pages: 35-58
ISSN: 0146-0749 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.55.1.35-58.1991
PMC: PMC372800
OpenAlex: W1911657064
Cited by: 1,231
References: 145
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 47
FWCI: 8.86
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: diamond
doi.org
Licence: journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license (tdm)
Locations: Microbiological Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Advanced Cellulose Research Studies
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Polysaccharides and Plant Cell Walls
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
Keywords: bacterial cellulose, cellulose biosynthesis, cellulose synthase, Acetobacter xylinum, c-di-GMP, diguanylate cyclase, c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase, allosteric regulation, Sarcina ventriculi, Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, cell adhesion
MeSH terms: Bacteria, Cellulose

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