Cited by 1,231Advanced Cellulose Research StudiesPolysaccharides and Plant Cell WallsBacterial Genetics and Biotechnology

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Cellulose biosynthesis and function in bacteria

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Ross, P, Mayer, R, Benziman, M·1991·Microbiological Reviews

DOI 10.1128/mmbr.55.1.35-58.1991PMC PMC372800

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Abstract

The current model of cellulose biogenesis in plants, as well as bacteria, holds that the membranous cellulose synthase complex polymerizes glucose moieties from UDP-Glc into beta-1,4-glucan chains which give rise to rigid crystalline fibrils upon extrusion at the outer surface of the cell. The distinct arrangement and degree of association of the polymerizing enzyme units presumably govern extracellular chain assembly in addition to the pattern and width of cellulose fibril deposition. Most evident for Acetobacter xylinum, polymerization and assembly appear to be tightly coupled. To date, only bacteria have been effectively studied at the biochemical and genetic levels. In A. xylinum, the cellulose synthase, composed of at least two structurally similar but functionally distinct subunits, is subject to a multicomponent regulatory system. Regulation is based on the novel nucleotide cyclic diguanylic acid, a positive allosteric effector, and the regulatory enzymes maintaining its intracellular turnover: diguanylate cyclase and Ca2(+)-sensitive bis-(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP) phosphodiesterase. Four genes have been isolated from A. xylinum which constitute the operon for cellulose synthesis. The second gene encodes the catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase; the functions of the other three gene products are still unknown. Exclusively an extracellular product, bacterial cellulose appears to fulfill diverse biological roles within the natural habitat, conferring mechanical, chemical, and physiological protection in A. xylinum and Sarcina ventriculi or facilitating cell adhesion during symbiotic or infectious interactions in Rhizobium and Agrobacterium species. A. xylinum is proving to be most amenable for industrial purposes, allowing the unique features of bacterial cellulose to be exploited for novel product applications.

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Synthesis of cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum. II. Preparation of freeze-dried cells capable of polymerizing glucose to cellulose.
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BackgroundInfluential
Regulation of cellulose synthesis in Acetobacter xylinum by cyclic diguanylic acid
Ross, P., Weinhouse, H., Aloni, Y., Michaeli, D., Weinberger-Ohana, P., Mayer, R., Braun, S., de VROOM, E., van der Marel, G. A., BOOM, J. H. V., et al. (1987) · Nature · doi:10.1038/325279a0 · Cited by 1,018 · cited 6×
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BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
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BackgroundInfluential

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Background
POTENTIAL VALUES OF BACTERIAL CELLULOSE FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
Sukara, E., & Meliawati, R. (2016) · JURNAL SELULOSA · doi:10.25269/jsel.v4i01.51 · Cited by 21
“Those genera include among others Gluconacetobacter (formerly Acetobacter), Agrobacterium, Aerobacter, Achromobacter, Azotobacter, Eschirichia, Rhizobium, Salmonella, and Sarcina (Ross et al., 1991; Naritomi et al., 1998; Rezaee et al., 2008; Sani and Dahman, 2010; Moosavi-Nasab and Yousefi, 2011; and Norouzian et al.…”
New Insights on Bacterial Cellulose
Fontana, J. D., Koop, H. S., Tiboni, M., Grzybowski, A., Pereira, A. G., Kruger, C. D., da Silva, M. G. R., & Wielewski, L. P. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811372-1.00007-5 · Cited by 21
Study of composite-based natural fibers and renewable polymers, using bacteria to ameliorate the fiber/matrix interface
Mahmoudi, N. (2018) · Journal of Composite Materials · doi:10.1177/0021998318785965 · Cited by 21
“After the NaOH extraction, a white cellulose layer could still be seen around the modified natural fibers, which pointed the strong interaction between bacterial cellulose and the fiber surface; this could be because of the high self-affinity of cellulosic materials.(28) Table 1 shows the weight of the fibers before a…”
Background
Cellulose Biosynthesis by the Beta-Proteobacterium, Chromobacterium violaceum
Recouvreux, D. D. O. S., Carminatti, C. A., Pitlovanciv, A. K., et al. (2008) · Current Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00284-008-9271-0 · Cited by 21
Self-Supported Smart Bacterial Nanocellulose–Phosphotungstic Acid Nanocomposites for Photochromic Applications
dos Santos, M. V., Barud, H. D. S., Alencar, M. A. S., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Materials · doi:10.3389/fmats.2021.668835 · Cited by 20
“…PWA and other Keggin hetero-polyacids structures exhibit a series of well-resolved one-electron redox processes in neutral or slightly acidic aqueous media, but they merge into two or more electron transfer reactions in strong acid aqueous solution (Sadakane and Steckhan, 1998; Ueda et al., 2017).”
Background
Preliminary study on biosynthesis and characterization of bacteria cellulose films from coconut water
Indrianingsih, A. W., Rosyida, V. T., Jatmiko, T. H., et al. (2017) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/101/1/012010 · Cited by 20
“Bacteria that can be used to produce cellulose are Acetobacter strains, Gluconacetobacter, Agrobacter, Sarcina, among others which includes non-pathogenic bacteria and is known as cellulose bacteria [3, 4].”
Background
Phosphate accumulation of Acetobacter xylinum
Ryazanova, L. P., Сузина, Н. Е., Kulakovskaya, T. V., et al. (2009) · Archives of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00203-009-0470-2 · Cited by 20
Influence of residual ethanol concentration on the growth of Gluconacetobacter xylinus I 2281
Kornmann, H., Duboc, P., Niederberger, P., et al. (2003) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-003-1299-2 · Cited by 20
“scheme of acetic acid bacteria (Ross et al. 1991), the”
BackgroundInfluential
On the Ancestral UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase Activity of GalF from Escherichia coli
Ebrecht, A. C., Orlof, A. M., Sasoni, N., et al. (2015) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01253 · Cited by 19
“…and exo-polysaccharides (Becker et al., 1998; Mollerach et al., 1998), capsule andmembrane-derived oligosaccharides (Komeda et al., 1977; Sandlin et al., 1995; Bonofiglio et al., 2005), trehalose (Giaever et al., 1988; Boos et al., 1990; Padilla et al., 2004), and cellulose (Ross et al., 1991).”
Background
Kinetics of concentration boundary layers buildup in the system consisted of microbial cellulose biomembrane and electrolyte solutions
Grzegorczyn, S. M., & Ślęzak, A. (2007) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2007.07.027 · Cited by 19
Effects of exopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli ATCC 35860 on the mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose nanocomposites
Liu, K., & Catchmark, J. M. (2018) · Cellulose · doi:10.1007/s10570-018-1709-3 · Cited by 19
Partial bioenergetic characterization of Gluconacetobacter xylinum cells released from cellulose pellicles by a novel methodology
Chávez-Pacheco, J. L., Martinez-Yee, S., Contreras, M., et al. (2005) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02708.x · Cited by 19
“A major effort has been dedicated to improve biotechnological production of cellulose in cultures (Ross et al. 1991) by testing selected strains (Toyosaki et al. 1995), different fermentor designs (Chao et al. 2001; Cheng et al. 2002; Krystynowicz et al. 2002; Mormino and Bungay 2003), different…”
Background
Superabsorbent cellulose-based hydrogels for biomedical applications
Ambrosio, L., Demitri, C., & Sannino, A. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9780857091383.1.25 · Cited by 19
A 28-day oral toxicity study of fermentation-derived cellulose, produced by Acetobacter aceti subspecies xylinum, in F344 rats
Hagiwara, A., Imai, N., Sano, M., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.2131/jts.35.317 · Cited by 18
Mechanism of structure formation of microbial cellulose during nascent stage
Mondal, M. I. H. (2013) · Cellulose · doi:10.1007/s10570-013-9880-z · Cited by 18
“xylinum secretes large quantities of cellulose as microfibrils for a row of synthetic sites along the longitudinal axis of the cell (Ross et al. 1991).”
Background
Recent Developments in Surface Modification of Natural Fibers for Their Use in Biocomposites
Bhatia, J. K., Kaith, B. S., & Kalia, S. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118911068.ch4 · Cited by 23
Green synthesis of silver-modified bacterial cellulose with enhanced antimicrobial activity for advanced biomedical application
Dey, S. S., Hossain, M. S., Sarkar, R., Tazim, T. Q., Paul, T., Siddique, S., Humaira, N., Hasanuzzaman, M., & Chowdhury, A. (2025) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.141849 · Cited by 17
Modifying bacterial cellulose with gelatin peptides for improved rehydration
Chen, H., Lin, S., Hsu, C.-P., et al. (2013) · Cellulose · doi:10.1007/s10570-013-9931-5 · Cited by 17
“forces and H-bonds to form crystal and amorphous regions (Ross et al. 1991).”
Background
Characterization of Pellicle Inhibition in Gluconacetobacter xylinus 53582 by a Small Molecule, Pellicin, Identified by a Chemical Genetics Screen
Strap, J. L., Latos, A., Shim, I., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028015 · Cited by 17
“While the biochemistry of the polymerization reaction is poorly understood, polymerization and crystallization are thought to be tightly coupled events [42,43].”
Background
Técnicas de fermentación y aplicaciones de la celulosa bacteriana: una revisión
Pineda, L. D. C., Luis Alfonso Caicedo, M., & Riascos, C. A. M. (2012) · Ingeniería y Ciencia · doi:10.17230/ingciencia.8.16.12 · Cited by 16
Machine learning approaches to predict the Plant-associated phenotype of Xanthomonas strains
Molder, D. T., Poncheewin, W., Schaap, P. J., et al. (2021) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-021-08093-0 · Cited by 17
“during symbiotic or pathogenic interactions (66).”
Reconstruction, verification and in-silico analysis of a genome-scale metabolic model of bacterial cellulose producing Komagataeibacter xylinus
Rezazadeh, M., Babaeipour, V., & Motamedian, E. (2020) · Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering · doi:10.1007/s00449-020-02299-4 · Cited by 17
Silicone rubber membrane bioreactors for bacterial cellulose production
Onodera, M., Harashima, I., Toda, K., et al. (2002) · Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering · doi:10.1007/bf02932838 · Cited by 17
“Bacterial cellulose (BC) attracts researchers' attention because the fibril is superior to that found in plant cellulose in purity and its firm supra molecular structure [1].”
Background
Microbial production of homogeneously layered cellulose pellicles in a membrane bioreactor
Hofinger, M., Bertholdt, G., & Weuster‐Botz, D. (2011) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.23162 · Cited by 16
Increased Cellulose Production from Sucrose byAcetobacterafter Introducing the Sucrose Phosphorylase Gene
Tonouchi, N., Horinouchi, S., Tsuchida, T., et al. (1998) · Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1271/bbb.62.1778 · Cited by 16
A specific immunological method to detect and quantify bacterial 2-substituted (1,3)-β-d-glucan
Werning, M. L., Pérez-Ramos, A., de Palencia, P. F., Mohedano, M. L., Dueñas, M. T., Prieto, A., & López, P. (2014) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.06.072 · Cited by 17
Synthesis and Characterization of Nanofiber of Oxidized Cellulose from Nata De Coco
Kotatha, D., & Rungrodnimitchai, S. (2018) · International Journal of Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1155/2018/2787035 · Cited by 16
Nanocellulose-based Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications
John, A., & Zhong, W. (2018) · Current Nanoscience · doi:10.2174/1573413714666180723145038 · Cited by 16
Transaldolase/Glucose-6-phosphate Isomerase Bifunctional Enzyme and Ribulokinase as Factors to Increase Xylitol Production from D -Arabitol inGluconobacter oxydans
Sugiyama, M., Suzuki, S., Tonouchi, N., et al. (2003) · Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1271/bbb.67.2524 · Cited by 16
In vitro biosynthesis of acetan using electroporated Acetobacter xylinum cells as enzyme preparations
Semino, C. E., & Dankert, M. A. (1993) · Journal of General Microbiology · doi:10.1099/00221287-139-11-2745 · Cited by 16
Bacterial Cellulose-Based Hydrogels: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
Mohite, B. V., Koli, S. H., & Patil, S. V. (2019) · Polymers and polymeric composites · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-77830-3_2 · Cited by 19
Crystal structures of YfiR from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in two redox states
Yang, X., Yang, X., Xu, M., et al. (2015) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.160 · Cited by 15
“The bacterial second messenger cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) is a positive regulator of the biofilm lifestyle of bacteria [4,5].”
Background
Biopolymer Deuteration for Neutron Scattering and Other Isotope-Sensitive Techniques
Russell, R. A., Garvey, C. J., Darwish, T. A., Foster, L. J. R., & Holden, P. J. (2015) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2015.06.015 · Cited by 15
Synthesis of cellulose–silica nanocomposites by in situ biomineralization during fermentation
Zhao, Y., Sun, B., Wang, T., et al. (2019) · Cellulose · doi:10.1007/s10570-019-02824-z · Cited by 15
Cultivation of Acetobacter xylinum for bacterial cellulose production in a modified airlift reactor
Cheng, H., Wang, P., Chen, J., et al. (2002) · Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1470-8744.2002.tb01180.x · Cited by 15

Authors: Ross, P., Mayer, R., & Benziman, M.
Affiliations: Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
Venue: Microbiological Reviews
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Published: 1991-03
Volume: 55
Issue: 1
Pages: 35-58
ISSN: 0146-0749 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.55.1.35-58.1991
PMC: PMC372800
OpenAlex: W1911657064
Cited by: 1,231
References: 145
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 47
FWCI: 8.86
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: diamond
doi.org
Licence: journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license (tdm)
Locations: Microbiological Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Advanced Cellulose Research Studies
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Polysaccharides and Plant Cell Walls
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
Keywords: bacterial cellulose, cellulose biosynthesis, cellulose synthase, Acetobacter xylinum, c-di-GMP, diguanylate cyclase, c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase, allosteric regulation, Sarcina ventriculi, Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, cell adhesion
MeSH terms: Bacteria, Cellulose

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Cellulose biosynthesis and function in bacteria

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