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Cellulose biosynthesis and function in bacteria
Open accessAbstract
The current model of cellulose biogenesis in plants, as well as bacteria, holds that the membranous cellulose synthase complex polymerizes glucose moieties from UDP-Glc into beta-1,4-glucan chains which give rise to rigid crystalline fibrils upon extrusion at the outer surface of the cell. The distinct arrangement and degree of association of the polymerizing enzyme units presumably govern extracellular chain assembly in addition to the pattern and width of cellulose fibril deposition. Most evident for Acetobacter xylinum, polymerization and assembly appear to be tightly coupled. To date, only bacteria have been effectively studied at the biochemical and genetic levels. In A. xylinum, the cellulose synthase, composed of at least two structurally similar but functionally distinct subunits, is subject to a multicomponent regulatory system. Regulation is based on the novel nucleotide cyclic diguanylic acid, a positive allosteric effector, and the regulatory enzymes maintaining its intracellular turnover: diguanylate cyclase and Ca2(+)-sensitive bis-(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP) phosphodiesterase. Four genes have been isolated from A. xylinum which constitute the operon for cellulose synthesis. The second gene encodes the catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase; the functions of the other three gene products are still unknown. Exclusively an extracellular product, bacterial cellulose appears to fulfill diverse biological roles within the natural habitat, conferring mechanical, chemical, and physiological protection in A. xylinum and Sarcina ventriculi or facilitating cell adhesion during symbiotic or infectious interactions in Rhizobium and Agrobacterium species. A. xylinum is proving to be most amenable for industrial purposes, allowing the unique features of bacterial cellulose to be exploited for novel product applications.
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“Bacterial cellulose (BC), produced by acetic acid bacteria Gluconobacter xylinum, is obtainable in a pure form which requires no intensive processing to remove undesirable impurities and contaminants such as lignin, pectin and hemicellulose.75,76”
From Sustainable hybrid photocatalysts: titania immobilized on carbon materials derived from renewable and biodegradable resources (2016) · cites this paper as [76]
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Bis-(3′,5′)-cyclic dimeric adenosine monophosphate: Strong Th1/Th2/Th17 promoting mucosal adjuvant
Ebensen, T., Libanova, R., Schulze, K., et al. (2011) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.026 · Cited by 134
Levy, I., & Shoseyov, O. (2002) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/s0734-9750(02)00006-x · Cited by 134
Microbial Cellulose Production from Bacteria Isolated from Rotten Fruit
Rangaswamy, B. E., Vanitha, K. P., & Hungund, B. S. (2015) · International Journal of Polymer Science · doi:10.1155/2015/280784 · Cited by 138
Application of bacterial cellulose pellets in enzyme immobilization
Wu, S.-C., & Lia, Y.-K. (2008) · Journal of Molecular Catalysis B Enzymatic · doi:10.1016/j.molcatb.2007.12.021 · Cited by 129
Juntaro, J., Pommet, M., Kalinka, G., Mantalaris, A., Shaffer, M. S. P., & Bismarck, A. (2008) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.200703176 · Cited by 128
Production and Characterization of Bacterial Cellulose from Citrus Peels
Güzel, M., & Akpınar, Ö. (2018) · Waste and Biomass Valorization · doi:10.1007/s12649-018-0241-x · Cited by 124
“It protects microorganisms against unfavourable environmental conditions such as low water content, extreme pHs, pathogenic microorganism [6], UV rays [7] etc.”
BackgroundBlum, M., Waldner, M., & Gisi, U. (2010) · Fungal Genetics and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2010.02.009 · Cited by 124
“, 2000), tunicates (Kimura and Itoh, 1995), and some prokaryotes (Ross et al., 1991).”
BackgroundDevelopment of biodegradable antibacterial cellulose based hydrogel membranes for wound healing
Laçin, N. T. (2014) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.03.003 · Cited by 124
Roelofs, K., Jones, C. J., Helman, S. R., Shang, X., Orr, M. W., Goodson, J. R., Galperin, M. Y., Yildiz, F. H., & Lee, V. T. (2015) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005232 · Cited by 123
“Alter the buffer used to resuspend lysates—in the case of EAL domain PDE-As, resuspension in a buffer containing Ca2+ rather than Mg2+ can inhibit the activity of PDE-As [2] and increase the likelihood of detecting proteins that degrade c-diGMP.”
Keshk, S. M. A. S., & 鮫島, 一. (2006) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-005-0265-6 · Cited by 122
“It has a more than 200 times greater surface area than isolated softwood cellulose (Delmer and Yehudit 1980; Ross et al. 1991).”
BackgroundAntoniani, D., Bocci, P., Maciag, A. E., et al. (2009) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-009-2199-x · Cited by 118
“A second messenger, bis-(3′,5′)-cyclic diguanylic acid, better known as cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP), plays a pivotal role in several processes linked to biofilm formation and maintenance, such as production of EPS and adhesion factors (Ross et al. 1991; Kader et al. 2006; Weber et al. 2006), as well as in modulation of v…”
BackgroundJung, H.-I., Lee, O., Jeong, J.-H., Jeon, Y.-D., Park, K.-H., Kim, H.-S., An, W.-G., & Son, H. (2009) · Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s12010-009-8759-9 · Cited by 118
Schaufler, K., Semmler, T., Pickard, D., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00336 · Cited by 112
Biofilm formation by Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS365: a role for LapD
Hinsa, S. M., & O’Toole, G. A. (2006) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/mic.0.28696-0 · Cited by 113
“…factors known to influence biofilm formation Proteins containing a GGDEF domain have been shown to regulate cellulose production in bacteria including Gluconacetobacter, Salmonella and Pseudomonas (Garcia et al., 2004; Romling, 2005; Ross et al., 1991; Spiers et al., 2003; Tal et al., 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialBae, S., & Shoda, M. (2004) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-004-1723-2 · Cited by 115
“Cellulose containing crystalline β-1,4-glucan chains is secreted into the medium via the cellulose synthesis pathway using UDP-glucose as a precursor, where it exists as a clump of microfibrils (Lin et al. 1990; Ross et al. 1991).”
BackgroundLandini, P. (2009) · Research in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2009.03.001 · Cited by 109
Determining the Water Holding Capacity of Microbial Cellulose
Schrecker, S. T., & Gostomski, P. A. (2005) · Biotechnology Letters · doi:10.1007/s10529-005-1465-y · Cited by 109
Bacterial Extracellular Polysaccharides in Biofilm Formation and Function
Limoli, D. H., Jones, C. J., & Wozniak, D. J. (2015) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555817466.ch11 · Cited by 107
Polysaccharide-based materials for cartilage tissue engineering applications
Oliveira, J. T., & Reis, R. L. (2010) · Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine · doi:10.1002/term.335 · Cited by 106
“similar to the cellulose produced by plants and can be highly purified, resembling in crystallinity and average microfibrillar width that from many plants and algae (Ross et al., 1991).”
BackgroundInfluentialGaravaglia, M., Rossi, E., & Landini, P. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031252 · Cited by 104
“In Gram negative bacteria, the modified nucleotide cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) plays a pivotal role in biofilm formation and maintenance by stimulating production of EPS and adhesion factors [5–8], while negatively affecting cell motility [9,10].”
BackgroundBacterial nanocellulose in papermaking
Skočaj, M. (2019) · Cellulose · doi:10.1007/s10570-019-02566-y · Cited by 103
Li, Y., Tian, C., Tian, H., et al. (2012) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-012-4242-6 · Cited by 103
“The purified cellulose is dried at 80 °C and then weighed (unit: g/L) (Ross et al. 1991).”
BackgroundInfluentialMota, M. J., Lopes, R. P., Koubaa, M., Roohinejad, S., Barba, F. J., Delgadillo, I., & Saraiva, J. A. (2017) · Critical Reviews in Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/07388551.2017.1312272 · Cited by 101
“Gluconacetobacter xylinus has been used as a model organism for bacterial cellulose (BC) biosynthesis [124].”
MethodFormation, derivatization and applications of bacterial cellulose
Geyer, U., Heinze, T., Stein, A., Klemm, D., Marsch, S., Schumann, D., & Schmauder, H. ‐. (1994) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/0141-8130(94)90067-1 · Cited by 100
Komagataeibacter rhaeticus as an alternative bacteria for cellulose production
Machado, R. T. A., Gutierrez, J., Tercjak, A., et al. (2016) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.049 · Cited by 100
“Considering agitatedculture, microbial growth is more intense due to the larger oxygen supply in the culture medium (Ross et al., 1991).”
BackgroundKaraolis, D. K. R., Cheng, K., Lipsky, M., Elnabawi, A., Catalano, J. G., Hyodo, M., Hayakawa, Y., & Raufman, J. (2005) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.01.093 · Cited by 104
Metadata
- Authors
- Ross, P., Mayer, R., & Benziman, M.
- Affiliations
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
- Venue
- Microbiological Reviews
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 1991-03
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 35-58
- ISSN
- 0146-0749 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC372800
- OpenAlex
- W1911657064
- Cited by
- 1,231
- References
- 145
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 47
- FWCI
- 8.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Microbiological Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Advanced Cellulose Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Polysaccharides and Plant Cell Walls
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Keywords
- bacterial cellulose, cellulose biosynthesis, cellulose synthase, Acetobacter xylinum, c-di-GMP, diguanylate cyclase, c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase, allosteric regulation, Sarcina ventriculi, Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, cell adhesion
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Cellulose
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