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Triggering of the largest Deccan eruptions by the Chicxulub impact
Open accessAbstract
New constraints on the timing of the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the Chicxulub impact, together with a particularly voluminous and apparently brief eruptive pulse toward the end of the "main-stage" eruptions of the Deccan continental fl ood basalt province suggest that these three events may have occurred within less than about a hundred thousand years of each other.Partial melting induced by the Chicxulub event does not provide an energetically plausible explanation for this coincidence, and both geochronologic and magnetic-polarity data show that Deccan volcanism was under way well before Chicxulub/Cretaceous-Paleogene time.However, historical data document that eruptions from existing volcanic systems can be triggered by earthquakes.Seismic modeling of the ground motion due to the Chicxulub impact suggests that the impact could have generated seismic energy densities of order 0.1-1.0J/m 3 throughout the upper ~200 km of Earth's mantle, suffi cient to trigger volcanic eruptions worldwide based upon comparison with historical examples.Triggering may have been caused by a transient increase in the effective permeability of the existing deep magmatic system beneath the Deccan province, or mantle plume "head."It is therefore reasonable to hypothesize that the Chicxulub impact might have triggered the enormous Poladpur, Ambenali, and Mahabaleshwar (Wai Subgroup) lava fl ows, which together may account for >70% of the Deccan Traps main-stage eruptions.This hypothesis is consistent with independent stratigraphic, geochronologic, geochemical, and tectonic constraints, which combine to indi-cate that at approximately Chicxulub/Cretaceous-Paleogene time, a huge pulse of mantle plume-derived magma passed through the crust with little interaction and erupted to form the most extensive and voluminous lava fl ows known on Earth.High-precision radioisotopic dating of the main-phase Deccan fl ood basalt formations may be able either to confi rm or reject this hypothesis, which in turn might help to determine whether this singular outburst within the Deccan Traps (and possibly volcanic eruptions worldwide) contributed signifi cantly to the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction.
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TL;DR
The paper hypothesizes that the Chicxulub impact triggered the largest Deccan flood basalt pulse, the Wai Subgroup (Poladpur, Ambenali, Mahabaleshwar), which may account for >70% of Deccan main-stage eruptions and occurred within ~100,000 yr of the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. It argues that impact-generated seismic energy densities of ~0.1–1.0 J/m³ in the upper mantle could have transiently increased permeability in the Deccan plume head, but the hypothesis remains to be tested by high-precision dating.
Key findings
- Deccan volcanism was already underway millions of years before Chicxulub, so the impact could not have initiated it; instead, the paper proposes triggering of the enormous Wai Subgroup pulse, which includes flows with single-eruption volumes approaching ~10,000 km³ and lengths >1000 km.
- Seismic modeling suggests Chicxulub could have generated energy densities of order 0.1–1.0 J/m³ throughout the upper ~200 km of Earth’s mantle, exceeding the ~10⁻¹–10⁰ J/m³ threshold inferred for triggering magmatic volcanoes from historical earthquakes.
- Independent evidence is interpreted as consistent with rapid mantle mobilization: Wai Subgroup dikes lack consistent orientation, Nd isotopes show stronger mantle signatures and less crustal contamination than underlying formations, and REE inversion indicates the lithospheric lid remained at ~60 km before, during, and after the Ambenali eruption.
- The paper estimates that the Wai Subgroup may have erupted over ~100,000 yr, with permeability-response modeling giving magma transport time scales of ~10³–10⁸ yr and a likely midrange of 10⁴–10⁶ yr.
Methods
- Synthesis of Deccan stratigraphy, volume estimates, published ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages, paleomagnetic polarity data, biostratigraphy, dike orientations, and Nd/Sr/Pb and rare earth element geochemistry, plus new field and Google Earth observations of the Poladpur-Bushe contact.
- Seismic scaling from Chicxulub impact energy (~3 × 10²³ J), assumed seismic conversion efficiencies of 10⁻²–10⁻⁵, and estimated moment magnitudes of Mw ~9–11, compared with historical earthquake-triggered eruption thresholds.
- A generalized diffusive melt-migration model using hydraulic diffusivity D = κ/(µβ_eff), permeability κ ~10⁻¹⁵–10⁻¹⁰ m², and length scale L = 300–500 km to estimate response times of the deep Deccan magmatic system.
Limitations
- The paper states that existing radioisotopic age constraints on Deccan volcanism are not very precise, that the physical mechanisms by which earthquakes trigger volcanic eruptions are unknown, and that high-precision dating is needed to confirm or reject the hypothesis.
- The paper also states that the new field observations of the Poladpur-Bushe contact are preliminary, that no global study of possible Chicxulub-triggered eruptions was carried out, and that biostratigraphic interpretations depend on whether foraminifera are reworked or in place.
- Evident from the text: the causal claim is a plausibility argument based on timing coincidence and modeling, not a demonstrated mechanism; the authors acknowledge an alternative sudden plume-flow pulse, and volume estimates depend on assumed formation footprints and extents.
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“both geochronologic and magnetic-polarity data show that Deccan volcanism was under way well before Chicxulub/Cretaceous-Paleogene time.”
§ Triggering of the largest Deccan eruptions by the Chicxulub impact > Abstract
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“Radioisotopic constraints on Deccan-related volcanism are much less precise, but they show that early-and late-stage alkalic eruptions preceded and postdated Cretaceous-Paleogene time by at least several million years (Basu et al., 1993).”
§ Triggering of the largest Deccan eruptions by the Chicxulub impact > INTRODUCTION
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- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Basu et al., 1993 source
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“increasingly precise radioisotopic dating (Renne et al., 2013) showing that the Chicxulub impact iridium layer and the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary are essentially coincident in time.”
§ Triggering of the largest Deccan eruptions by the Chicxulub impact > INTRODUCTION
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- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Renne et al., 2013 source
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Seismic modeling of the ground motion due to the Chicxulub impact suggests that the impact could have generated seismic energy densities of order 0.1-1.0J/m 3 throughout the upper ~200 km of Earth's mantle”
§ Triggering of the largest Deccan eruptions by the Chicxulub impact > Abstract
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“during which at least 90% of Deccan lavas are thought to have erupted”
§ Triggering of the largest Deccan eruptions by the Chicxulub impact > INTRODUCTION
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- Check pendingcites Chenet et al., 2008 source
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In the citing paper
“Estimates of the volume of lava erupted in this interval range from 150 × 103 km3 (ref. 6) to 500 × 103 km3 (ref. 35).”
From End-Cretaceous extinction in Antarctica linked to both Deccan volcanism and meteorite impact via climate change (2016) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Richards et al.6 tentatively place the KPB between the Bushe and Poladpur formations in the Deccan volcanic sequence due to evidence for a hiatus in volcanism and fracturing and faulting in the lower Bushe formation that did not extend into the higher Poladpur formation.”
From End-Cretaceous extinction in Antarctica linked to both Deccan volcanism and meteorite impact via climate change (2016) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“The post-KPB portion of Deccan volcanism emitted another 461 × 103 km3 (ref. 6) to 500 × 103 km3 (ref. 35) of lava, equivalent to 830–900 p.p.m. CO2 added to the atmosphere.”
From End-Cretaceous extinction in Antarctica linked to both Deccan volcanism and meteorite impact via climate change (2016) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“This is in contrast to the projections of Richards et al. (2015) and Sprain et al. (2019) who relied on the erstwhile province-wide unified stratigraphic extrapolation.”
From Spatio-temporal volume recalibration shows Deccan volcanism caused Terminal Cretaceous Mass Extinction (2026) · cites this paper as Richards et al., 2015
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Metadata
- Authors
- Richards, M. A., Alvarez, W., Self, S., Karlstrom, L., Renne, P. R., Manga, M., Sprain, C. J., Smit, J., Vanderkluysen, L., & Gibson, S. A.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of Oregon (US)
- Berkeley Geochronology Center (US)
- Geological Observatory of Coldigioco (IT)
- Drexel University (US)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Geological Society of America Bulletin
- Publisher
- Geological Society of America
- Published
- 2015-04-30
- Volume
- 127
- Issue
- 11-12
- Pages
- 1507-1520
- ISSN
- 0016-7606 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-2674
- OpenAlex
- W2133294328
- Semantic Scholar
- 0a2422bd3722c0cac76ac90bc8b28933823ae3fb
- Cited by
- 210
- References
- 108
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 9
- FWCI
- 13.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Geological Society of America Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Department of Earth Sciences EPrints Repository (acceptedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Abstracts with programs - Geological Society of America
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geology › Geological and Geophysical Studies
- Keywords
- Chicxulub impact, Deccan Traps, Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction, flood basalt eruptions, mantle plume, effective permeability
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