C-reactive protein and complement factor H in aged human eyes and eyes with age-related macular degeneration
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BACKGROUND: There is increasing evidence that inflammation and immune-mediated processes (complement activation) play an important role in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathogenesis. A genetic variation in the gene encoding complement factor H (CFH) and plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a systemic marker of subclinical inflammation, have consistently been shown to be associated with an increased risk for AMD. In the present study, we examined the immunolocalisation of CRP and CFH in aged control human donor eyes (n=10; mean age 79 years) and eyes with AMD (n=18; mean age 83 years). METHODS: Alkaline phosphatase immunohistochemistry was performed using polyclonal antibodies against CRP and CFH on cryopreserved tissue sections from disc/macular blocks. Three independent masked observers scored the reaction product (0-8). RESULTS: In aged control eyes, the retinal pigment epithelium/Bruch's membrane/choriocapillaris (RPE/BrM/CC) complex including intercapillary septa (ICS) had the most prominent immunostaining for CRP and CFH. CRP was significantly higher than controls in BrM/CC/ICS and choroidal stroma in early and wet AMD eyes (p<0.05). In contrast, CFH was significantly lower in BrM/CC/ICS complex of AMD choroids than in controls (p<0.05). Interestingly, CRP and CFH were significantly reduced in BrM/CC/ICS complex in atrophic area of macula in geographical atrophy (p<0.05). Drusen and basal laminar deposits were intensely positive for CRP and CFH. CONCLUSION: These immunohistochemical findings show that changes in distribution and relative levels of CRP and CFH were evident in early and late AMD eyes. This suggests that high levels of CRP and insufficient CFH at the retina/choroid interface may lead to uncontrolled complement activation with associated cell and tissue damage. This study supports the hypothesis that inflammation and immune-mediated mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of AMD.
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Reduced expression of FH and CD46 by RPE cells is observed in AMD, and this coincides with increased deposition of the MAC and cell lysis.
“Reduced expression of FH and CD46 by RPE cells is observed in AMD, and this coincides with increased deposition of the MAC and cell lysis [132,133].”
From Bruch’s Membrane: A Key Consideration with Complement-Based Therapies for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (2023) · cites this paper as [132]
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“If we acknowledge that oxidative stress is the earliest event leading to AMD,which known cell surface modification generated by oxidative stress could then be recognized by either pattern recognition molecules of the complement cascade or natural antibodies? Ligands might include, but are not restricted to, the follow…”
BackgroundA Revised Hemodynamic Theory of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
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“Moreover, AMD pathologic features such as deposition of complement-related proteins, C-reactive protein, and advanced glycation end products demonstrate a punctate distribution in the RPE and Bruch's membrane that spatially correlates with the spaces between the vessels of the choriocapillaris, even in unaffected eyes…”
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“A similar study aimed to determine differences in total CRP levels in the retina based on AMD status (52).”
BackgroundMonomeric C‐reactive protein and inflammation in age‐related macular degeneration
Chirco, K. R., Whitmore, S. S., Wang, K., Potempa, L. A., Halder, J. A., Stone, E. M., Tucker, B. A., & Mullins, R. F. (2016) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.4766 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Due to its localization around the choriocapillaris, and its association with neovascular AMD [30], we assessed the effect of mCRP on choroidal endothelial cell migration.”
BackgroundInfluentialRomero‐Vázquez, S., Llorens, V., Soler-Boronat, A., Figueras‐Roca, M., Adán, A., & Molins, B. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9070763 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“compared to age‐matched control individuals [100].”
Age‐related macular degeneration: A disease of extracellular complement amplification
de Jong, S., Tang, J., & Clark, S. J. (2022) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.13145 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Bora, N. S., Matta, B., Lyzogubov, V. V., & Bora, P. S. (2014) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2014.07.012 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Yamashiro, K., Hosoda, Y., Miyake, M., Ooto, S., & Tsujikawa, A. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9072034 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Hammadi, S., Tzoumas, N., Ferrara, M., Meschede, I. P., Lo, K., Harris, C., Lako, M., & Steel, D. H. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12082870 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Reduced expression of FH and CD46 by RPE cells is observed in AMD, and this coincides with increased deposition of the MAC and cell lysis [132,133].”
BackgroundInteraction of Complement Factor H and Fibulin3 in Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Wyatt, M. K., Tsai, J.-Y., Mishra, S., Campos, M. M., Jaworski, C. J., Fariss, R. N., Bernstein, S. L., & Wistow, G. J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068088 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Disease of Systemic or Local Complement Dysregulation?
Warwick, A., Khandhadia, S., Ennis, S., & Lotery, A. J. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm3041234 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
C-Reactive Protein as a Therapeutic Target in Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Molins, B., Romero‐Vázquez, S., Fuentes‐Prior, P., Adán, A., & Dick, A. D. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00808 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Most notably, these authors found an inverse relationship between CRP and FH levels in macular tissue from patients with advanced AMD as compared to age-matched control individuals (86).”
ResultKeenan, T. D. L., Toso, M., Pappas, C. M., Nichols, L., Bishop, P. N., & Hageman, G. S. (2015) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.15-17009 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Sang, A., Zhu, M., Zhang, G., Guan, H., Ji, M. J., & Chen, H. (2016) · PubMed Central · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Schäfer, N., Grosche, A., Reinders, J., Hauck, S. M., Pouw, R. B., Kuijpers, T. W., Wouters, D., Ehrenstein, B. P., Enzmann, V., Zipfel, P. F., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00542 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Reduced FH concentrations in stressed RPE and the detection of FHR-3 produced by macrophages in the damaged retina suggested a local shift of the FHR-3/FH equilibrium in retinal degeneration (71, 72).”
BackgroundJensen, E. G., Jakobsen, T. S., Thiel, S., Askou, A. L., & Corydon, T. J. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21249752 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“This is consistent with the findings of reduced levels of FH in Bruch’s membrane, CC, and the choroid of AMD specimens compared to controls [125] (Figure 4C).”
BackgroundResultAsian age-related macular degeneration: from basic science research perspective
Yanagi, Y., Foo, V. H. X., & Yoshida, A. (2018) · Eye · doi:10.1038/s41433-018-0225-x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Baek, J., Lim, D., Park, K. H., Chae, J., Jang, H., Lee, J., & Chung, H. (2018) · BMC Ophthalmology · doi:10.1186/s12886-018-0941-9 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Mulfaul, K., Russell, J. F., Voigt, A. P., Stone, E. M., Tucker, B. A., & Mullins, R. F. (2022) · Annual Review of Vision Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-vision-100820-085958 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Fragiotta, S., Scuderi, L., Iodice, C. M., Rullo, D., Pippo, M. D., Maugliani, E., & Abdolrahimzadeh, S. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms231912010 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Yednock, T. A., Fong, D. S., & Lad, E. M. (2022) · International Journal of Retina and Vitreous · doi:10.1186/s40942-022-00431-y · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Grebe, R. R., Mughal, I., Bryden, W., McLeod, S., Edwards, M. M., Hageman, G. S., & Lutty, G. A. (2019) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2019.02.018 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationBruch’s Membrane and the Choroid in Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Edwards, M., & Lutty, G. A. (2021) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-66014-7_4 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationHuisingh, C., McGwin, G., Neely, D. C., Zarubina, A. V., Clark, M. E., Zhang, Y., Curcio, C. A., & Owsley, C. J. (2016) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.15-18316 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Information on a number of factors was compared between those participants with and without SDD. Consistent with previous work, the presence of SDD was associated with older age and higher levels of plasma CRP.22,46 The present study found no sex differences by SDD status, agreeing with some studies21 but disagreeing…”
ResultA role for mast cells in geographic atrophy
Ogura, S., Baldeosingh, R., Bhutto, I. A., Kambhampati, S. P., McLeod, D. S., Edwards, M. M., Rais, R., Schubert, W., & Lutty, G. A. (2020) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202000807r · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationIs Age-Related Macular Degeneration a Microvascular Disease?
Mullins, R. F., Khanna, A., Schoo, D. P., Tucker, B. A., Sohn, E. H., Drack, A. V., & Stone, E. M. (2014) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3209-8_36 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Adamus, G. (2017) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2017.01.005 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“The increased levels of CRP in eyes with early AMD may be an indication of local inflammation and cellular injury in the RPE–choroid layer [75].”
BackgroundInfluentialMast Cell-Derived Tryptase in Geographic Atrophy
McLeod, D. S., Bhutto, I. A., Edwards, M. M., Gedam, M., Baldeosingh, R., & Lutty, G. A. (2017) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.17-22989 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationSwinkels, M., Zhang, J. H., Tilakaratna, V., Black, G. C. M., Perveen, R., McHarg, S., Inforzato, A., Day, A. J., & Clark, S. J. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18395-7 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Mulfaul, K., Mullin, N. K., Giacalone, J. C., Voigt, A. P., DeVore, M., Stone, E. M., Tucker, B. A., & Mullins, R. F. (2022) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.5867 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“FH is present in soft drusen in early AMD; however, choroidal FH levels are significantly lower in early AMD than in age-matched healthy controls [14,15], implying that reduced availability of FH locally in the choroid may contribute to AMD pathogenesis.”
BackgroundMethodRheohaemapheresis in the treatment of nonvascular age-related macular degeneration
Blaha, M., Rencová, E., Langrová, H., Studnička, J., Blaha, V., Rozsival, P., Lánská, M., & Sobotka, L. (2013) · Atherosclerosis Supplements · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2012.10.023 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Lores‐Padín, A., Fernández, B., Álvarez, L., González‐Iglesias, H., Lengyel, I., & Pereiro, R. (2020) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121489 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The link between morphology and complement in ocular disease
Mohlin, C., Sandholm, K., Ekdahl, K. N., & Nilsson, B. (2017) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2017.05.028 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Clinicopathologic Findings in Three Siblings With Geographic Atrophy
Edwards, M. M., McLeod, D. S., Shen, M., Grebe, R. R., Sunness, J. S., Bhutto, I. A., McDonnell, E., Pado, A. M., Gregori, G., Rosenfeld, P. J., et al. (2023) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.64.3.2 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, P., Zhu, M., Geng-Spyropoulos, M., Shardell, M. D., González‐Freire, M., Gudnason, V. G., Eiríksdóttir, G., Schaumberg, D. A., Eyk, J. E. V., Ferrucci, L., et al. (2016) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.201600237 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“AMD is characterized by localized inflammation and the presence of multiple proteins associated with complement, complement activation and regulation, and inflammatory proteins in drusen and the retinal pigment epithelium, Bruch’s membrane, and choriocapillaris [21, 22].”
Molecular Imaging of Retinal Disease
Capozzi, M. E., Gordon, A. Y., Penn, J. S., & Jayagopal, A. (2013) · Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/jop.2012.0279 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Herrmann, P., Cowing, J. A., Cristante, E., Liyanage, S. E., Ribeiro, J., Durán, Y., Abelleira, L. E., Carvalho, L. S., Bainbridge, J. W., Luhmann, U. F. O., et al. (2015) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.05.019 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Similarly, the reduction of local CFH expression in the choriocapillaris and Bruch’s membrane of AMD donor eyes (Bhutto et al., 2011) also suggested that a reduction of local complement regulator expression might be associated with AMD pathogenesis.”
BackgroundRomero‐Vázquez, S., Adán, A., Figueras‐Roca, M., Llorenç, V., SLEVIN, M. A., Vilahur, G., Badimón, L., Dick, A. D., & Molins, B. (2020) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.103655 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Mannes, M., Dopler, A., Huber-Lang, M. S., & Schmidt, C. Q. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.596415 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Huang, Q. B., Tang, M., Zhang, J., & Fan, W. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129945 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Kovacs, K. D., Ciulla, T. A., & Kiss, S. (2022) · Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy · doi:10.1080/14712598.2022.2121646 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Chirco, K. R., Flamme‐Wiese, M. J., Wiley, J. S., Potempa, L. A., Stone, E. M., Tucker, B. A., & Mullins, R. F. (2018) · Eye · doi:10.1038/s41433-018-0170-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Aging in Ocular Blood Vessels: Molecular Insights and the Role of Oxidative Stress
Cui, X., Buonfiglio, F., Pfeiffer, N., & Gericke, A. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12040817 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“…the pro-inflammatory upregulation of the CCL2-CCR2 axis, which is one of the major chemokine signaling pathways, and genetic ablation of CCL2 reduces age-related inflammatory changes in the choroid, reducing the recruitment of pro-inflammatory myeloid cells and attenuating CNV [72]. atrophy [71].”
BackgroundChen, R. C., Palestine, A. G., Lynch, A. M., Patnaik, J. L., Wagner, B. D., Mathias, M. T., & Mandava, N. (2021) · Translational Vision Science & Technology · doi:10.1167/tvst.10.12.7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Baicalin Attenuates Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization
Yang, S. J., Jo, H., Kim, J.-G., & Jung, S. H. (2014) · Current Eye Research · doi:10.3109/02713683.2013.868908 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Liu, Y. (2019) · International Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.18240/ijo.2019.03.17 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Kubicka‐Trząska, A., Żuber-Łaskawiec, K., Dziedzina, S., Sanak, M., Romanowska‐Dixon, B., & Karska‐Basta, I. (2022) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina58050658 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Gurubaran, I. S., Heloterä, H., Marry, S., Koskela, A. K. J., Hyttinen, J. M. T., Paterno, J. J., Urtti, A. O., Chen, M., Xu, H., Kauppinen, A., et al. (2021) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology10070622 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
670 nm LED ameliorates inflammation in the CFH−/− mouse neural retina
Kokkinopoulos, I. (2013) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.03.003 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Mitochondrial damage and clearance in retinal pigment epithelial cells
Gurubaran, I. S. (2024) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/aos.16661 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
CFH Haploinsufficiency and Complement Alterations in Early-Onset Macular Degeneration
Lim, R. R., Shirali, S., Rowlan, J. S., Engel, A. L., Nazario, M., Gonzalez, K., Tong, A., Jay Neitz, A., Neitz, M., & Chao, J. R. (2024) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.65.4.43 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Nomura, Y., Takahashi, H., Fujino, Y., Kawashima, H., & Yanagi, Y. (2015) · Retina · doi:10.1097/iae.0000000000000668 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Multimeric Stability of Human C-reactive Protein in Archived Specimens
Li, Q., Kang, T., Tian, X., Ma, Y., Li, M., Richards, J. C., Bythwood, T., Wang, Y., Li, X., Liu, D., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058094 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Integrative Landscape of Dry AMD Pathogenesis, Models, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies
Bhandari, S. K., Lee, S., & Kim, H. J. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27010202 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The common CFH Y402H polymorphism impairs the regulatory function of CFH, promoting sustained complement activation and chronic inflammation [61,62].”
α1‐antitrypsin and C‐reactive protein levels in tear fluid after continuous contact lens wear
Barrett, A., Gnehm, D., Jones, J., & Trask, B. C. (2013) · Clinical and Experimental Optometry · doi:10.1111/cxo.12093 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Although Creactive protein has been observed to increase in other ocular tissues, such as the retina in association with age-related macular degeneration, to the best of our knowledge this is the first report of C-reactive protein in tear fluid.(28) Unlike previous studies that inventoried tear fluid components using…”
ResultRodrigo, F., Ruiz‐Moreno, J. M., García, J. B., Quesada, M. E. T., Segura, J., & Pinero, D. P. (2017) · Indian Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.4103/ijo.ijo_488_17 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mullins, R. F., Flamme‐Wiese, M. J., Navratil, E., Boese, E. A., Varzavand, K., Riker, M. J., Wang, K., Stone, E. M., & Tucker, B. A. (2024) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2024.110128 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Abdolrahimzadeh, S., Zweifel, S. A., Pippo, M. D., Bajka, A., Scuderi, G., & Lotery, A. J. (2023) · Eye · doi:10.1038/s41433-023-02654-1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Complement system components are also localised in the eye [31] and the domains around CC endothelial cells are reported as the principal sites of membrane attack complexes in the macula, thus, the site of the highest complement-mediated stress possibly indicating vascular injury and choroidal impairment as a patholog…”
BackgroundMa, W., Paik, D. C., & Barile, G. R. (2014) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.14-14352 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Fernández‐Robredo, P., Recalde, S., Hernández, M., Zarranz‐Ventura, J., Molins, B., Casaroli-Marano, R. P., Adán, A., Sáenz-de-Viteri, M., & García‐Layana, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01862 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Finally, some authors have found significantly higher CRP deposits in the Bruch’s membrane and retinal and choroid vessels of wet AMD eyes compared to aged controls and AMD human donors (38).”
BackgroundTargeted Gene Candidates for Treatment and Early Diagnosis of Age‐Related Macular Degeneration
Çinici, E., Çağlar, Ö., Arslan, M. E., Dilekmen, N., Utlu, B., Mardinoğlu, A., & Türkez, H. (2021) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2021/6620900 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“High levels of CRP are considered a risk for heart conditions, type II diabetes, and AMD [41].”
BackgroundMethodGlial remodeling and choroidal vascular pathology in eyes from two donors with Choroideremia
Edwards, M. M., McLeod, D. S., Grebe, R. R., Bhutto, I. A., Dahake, R., Crumley, K. M., & Lutty, G. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Ophthalmology · doi:10.3389/fopht.2022.994566 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationSerum Inflammatory Markers After Rupture Retinal Laser Injury in Mice
Paulus, Y. M., Kuo, C.-H., Morohoshi, K., Nugent, A. K., Luo, Z., Nomoto, H., Blumenkranz, M. S., Palanker, D., & Ono, S. J. (2015) · Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina · doi:10.3928/23258160-20150323-11 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Risk Factors for Age-related Macular Degeneration
Berrow, E. J., Bartlett, H. E., Eperjesi, F., Gibson, J. M., Lecturer, S., Lecturer, S., & Heart of England NHS Trust, B. (2011) · European Ophthalmic Review · doi:10.17925/eor.2011.05.02.143 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“There is evidence that choroidal circulation attenuation may be responsible for development of ARMD.”
BackgroundInfluentialNizawa, T., Bhutto, I. A., Tiwari, A., Grebe, R. R., Alt, J., Rais, R., Edwards, M. M., & Lutty, G. A. (2021) · Translational Vision Science & Technology · doi:10.1167/tvst.10.14.37 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationYoon, B. W., Lee, Y., & Seo, J. H. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12040807 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Priorities and trends in the study of proteins in eye research, 1924–2014
Semba, R. D., Lam, M. P. Y., Sun, K., Zhang, P., Schaumberg, D. A., Ferrucci, L., Ping, P., & Eyk, J. E. V. (2015) · PROTEOMICS - CLINICAL APPLICATIONS · doi:10.1002/prca.201500006 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Neutralization of VEGF-A with ranibizumab, a recombinant monoclonal antibody, was shown to prevent visual loss in neovascular AMD [19].”
BackgroundInfluentialElevation of Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor in Human AMD Donor RPE-Choroid
Mulfaul, K., Khan, A. H., Schwarte, S. G., Voigt, A. P., Moore, R. F., Potempa, L. A., Wang, K., Scheetz, T. E., Stone, E. M., Tucker, B. A., et al. (2024) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.65.14.15 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Swan, J., Toomey, C. B., Bergstrand, M., Cuello, H., Robie, J., Yu, H., Yuan, Y. H., Kooner, A. S., Chen, X., Shaughnessy, J., et al. (2025) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.66.6.81 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Huang, X., Zhang, L., Fu, Y., Zhang, M., Yang, Q., & Peng, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2023.1199922 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“stimulate inflammatory response and C-reactive protein, and local inflammation caused by abnormal RPE will aggravate drusen aggregation (Bhutto et al., 2011).”
Background
- Authors
- Bhutto, I. A., Baba, T., Merges, C., Juriasinghani, V., McLeod, D. S., & Lutty, G. A.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lutty, G. A.
- Venue
- British Journal of Ophthalmology
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2011-06-01
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1323-1330
- ISSN
- 0007-1161 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4916773
- OpenAlex
- W1974343663
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 8.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- British Journal of Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Johns Hopkins University
- National Eye Institute (R01EY016151, #EY01765, P30EY001765)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular Diseases and Behçet’s Syndrome
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Complement system in diseases
- Keywords
- age-related macular degeneration, C-reactive protein, complement factor H, complement activation, retinal inflammation, choroid, Bruch's membrane, choroidal stroma, drusen, retinal pigment epithelium, choriocapillaris, immunolocalization
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, C-Reactive Protein, Female, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Macular Degeneration, Male, Prognosis, Biomarkers, Complement Factor H, Disease Progression, Retinal Pigment Epithelium
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