The pivotal role of the complement system in aging and age-related macular degeneration: Hypothesis re-visited
Open accessAbstract
During the past ten years, dramatic advances have been made in unraveling the biological bases of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of irreversible blindness in western populations. In that timeframe, two distinct lines of evidence emerged which implicated chronic local inflammation and activation of the complement cascade in AMD pathogenesis. First, a number of complement system proteins, complement activators, and complement regulatory proteins were identified as molecular constituents of drusen, the hallmark extracellular deposits associated with early AMD. Subsequently, genetic studies revealed highly significant statistical associations between AMD and variants of several complement pathway-associated genes including: Complement factor H (CFH), complement factor H-related 1 and 3 (CFHR1 and CFHR3), complement factor B (CFB), complement component 2 (C2), and complement component 3 (C3). In this article, we revisit our original hypothesis that chronic local inflammatory and immune-mediated events at the level of Bruch's membrane play critical roles in drusen biogenesis and, by extension, in the pathobiology of AMD. Secondly, we report the results of a new screening for additional AMD-associated polymorphisms in a battery of 63 complement-related genes. Third, we identify and characterize the local complement system in the RPE-choroid complex - thus adding a new dimension of biological complexity to the role of the complement system in ocular aging and AMD. Finally, we evaluate the most salient, recent evidence that bears directly on the role of complement in AMD pathogenesis and progression. Collectively, these recent findings strongly re-affirm the importance of the complement system in AMD. They lay the groundwork for further studies that may lead to the identification of a transcriptional disease signature of AMD, and hasten the development of new therapeutic approaches that will restore the complement-modulating activity that appears to be compromised in genetically susceptible individuals.
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In ageing and AMD, there is increased expression of the complement protein C3 within RPE cells and on their basal membranes.
“In ageing and AMD, there is increased expression of the complement protein C3 within RPE cells and on their basal membranes [114,123].”
From Bruch’s Membrane: A Key Consideration with Complement-Based Therapies for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (2023) · cites this paper as [114]
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“Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the eye donors and their relatives for their generosity and also to Janet Sunness and Carol Applegate at the Greater Baltimore Medical Center (Baltimore, Maryland, USA) for helping us acquire eyes from subjects with AMD.”
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- Authors
- Anderson, D. H., Radeke, M. J., Gallo, N. B., Chapin, E. A., Johnson, P. T., Curletti, C. R., Hancox, L. S., Hu, J., Ebright, J. N., Malek, G., Hauser, M. A., Bowes Rickman, C., Bok, D., Hageman, G. S., & Johnson, L. V.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- University of Iowa (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- University of Utah (US)
- Corresponding author
- Anderson, Don H.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Progress in Retinal and Eye Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-03
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 95-112
- ISSN
- 1350-9462 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3641842
- OpenAlex
- W1989747234
- Cited by
- 727
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 68 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 8.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Progress in Retinal and Eye Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (EY014799, EY-00331, R24EY014799, R01EY011286, R24EY017404, P30EY005722, P30EY000331)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Complement system in diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular Diseases and Behçet’s Syndrome
- Keywords
- age-related macular degeneration, complement system, drusen, Bruch's membrane, chronic inflammation, complement regulatory proteins, complement factor H, factor B, complement C3, genetic polymorphism, retinal pigment epithelium, choroid, ocular aging, AMD pathogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Choroid, Complement System Proteins, Humans, Macular Degeneration, Gene Expression, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Retinal Pigment Epithelium
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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