Reactivity: an issue for short-term pedometer studies?: Figure 1
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Objectives: To investigate the influence of wearing a pedometer and recording daily step counts on ambulatory activity. Methods: During the first visit to the laboratory, 50 healthy volunteers, blinded to the study aim, were provided with a sealed pedometer (New-Lifestyles NL-2000) and informed that it was a “body posture monitor” (sealed condition). Participants wore the pedometer throughout waking hours for one week. Upon returning to the laboratory step counts were downloaded and participants were informed that the device was actually a pedometer. They were requested to wear it unsealed for a second one-week period, and to record their step counts in an activity log (unsealed condition). Results: Mean (SD) daily step counts reported in the sealed condition (9541 (3186) steps/day) were significantly lower than step counts reported in the unsealed condition (11385 (3763) steps/day) (p<0.001). Conclusions: Step counts increased significantly in the unsealed condition. Possible mechanisms for this include the knowledge of wearing a pedometer, the visible step count display and the completion of the activity log. This has validity implications for short-term studies (duration ⩽1 week) investigating habitual pedometer-determined activity levels.
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Short monitoring periods are prone to an observer effect and may not accurately reflect true short- and long-term activity behavior.
“Short monitoring periods are prone to an observer effect and may not accurately reflect true short- and long-term activity behavior13.”
From Association of step counts over time with the risk of chronic disease in the All of Us Research Program (2022) · cites this paper as [13]
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- Authors
- Clemes, S. A., Matchett, N., & Wane, S. L.
- Affiliations
- Loughborough University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Clemes, S A
- ORCID
- Venue
- British Journal of Sports Medicine
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 68-70
- ISSN
- 0306-3674 (ISSN-L)
- 1473-0480
- OpenAlex
- W2158031711
- Cited by
- 106
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 6.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- dspace.lboro.ac.uk
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- British Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Loughborough University Research Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Keywords
- pedometers, step count, reactivity effects, activity logs, physical activity behavior
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Attitude to Health, Exercise Test, Female, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Male, Monitoring, Physiologic, Motivation, Motor Activity, Time Factors, Health Behavior, Walking
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