What is the optimal type of physical activity to enhance health?
Open accessAbstract
This review examines the potential of active daily living as a means of gaining the cardiovascular and health rewards previously sought through vigorous aerobic fitness programmes. Cross-sectional studies of occupational and leisure activity show encouraging associations between such activity and good health; in workers, the gross intensity of effort needed for health benefits has seemed to be 20 kJ/min. There has been less unanimity on the threshold intensity needed in leisure activities, but various recent "position statements" have decreased the recommendation to 50% of an individual's maximal oxygen intake, sustained for one hour three to five times per week. Life-style activities such as walking seem likely to reach this intensity in older individuals, but are unlikely to do so in young adults. A growing number of controlled longitudinal studies of walking programmes have demonstrated gains in aerobic fitness, modest reductions in blood pressure, improvements in lipid profile, increased bone density, and enhanced mood state, with less consistent reductions of body fat. However, gains have been greatest in the elderly, sedentary, and obese populations. The main component of active living, fast walking, seems likely to enhance health in such populations, but it is unlikely to be effective in young adults who are in good initial health.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Regular physical activity is related to better health.
“is related to better health (Shephard 1997; Warburton et al. 2006a, b)”
From Energy Management of People in Organizations: A Review and Research Agenda (2011) · cites this paper as Shephard 1997
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
‘Small Changes' to Diet and Physical Activity Behaviors for Weight Management
Hills, A. P., Byrne, N. M., Lindstrom, R. C., & Hill, J. O. (2013) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000345030 · Cited by 9,526 · see citing works
Physical Fitness and All-Cause Mortality: A Prospective Study of Healthy Men and Women
Blair, S. N. (1989) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03430170057028 · Cited by 2,658 · see citing works
Blair, S. N. (1995) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.273.14.1093 · Cited by 2,088 · see citing works
Physical Activity and the Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease
Powell, K. E., Thompson, P. D., Caspersen, C. J., & Kendrick, J. S. (1987) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.pu.08.050187.001345 · Cited by 1,457 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of physical activity in the prevention of coronary heart disease.
BERLIN, J. A., & COLDITZ, G. A. (1990) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115704 · Cited by 1,382 · see citing works
Leon, A. S. (1987) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.258.17.2388 · Cited by 842 · see citing works
Lakka, T. A., Venalainen, J. M., Rauramaa, R., Salonen, R., Tuomilehto, J., & Salonen, J. T. (1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199406023302201 · Cited by 793 · see citing works
Physical Fitness as a Predictor of Mortality among Healthy, Middle-Aged Norwegian Men
Sandvik, L., Erikssen, J., Thaulow, E., Erikssen, G., Mundal, R., & Rodahl, K. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199302253280803 · Cited by 788 · see citing works
Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health
(2012) · doi:10.5040/9781718209107.part-001 · Cited by 742 · see citing works
A survey for assessing physical activity among older adults
DiPietro, L., Caspersen, C. J., Ostfeld, A. M., & NADEL, E. R. (1993) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199305000-00016 · Cited by 708 · see citing works
Morris, J. N., & Hardman, A. E. (1997) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199723050-00004 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
Increasing physical activity: a quantitative synthesis.
Dishman, R., & Buckworth, J. (1996) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199606000-00010 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Physical Fitness as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Mortality in Asymptomatic North American Men
Ekelund, L.-G., Haskell, W. L., Johnson, J. L., Whaley, F. S., Criqui, M. H., Sheps, D. S., & Study, T. L. R. C. M. F.-U. (1988) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198811243192104 · Cited by 682 · see citing works
Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health
Bouchard, C., Shephard, R. J., & Brubaker, P. H. (1994) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199401000-00024 · Cited by 657 · see citing works
Self-citationExercise intensity and longevity in men. The Harvard Alumni Health Study
Lee, I.-J. (1995) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.273.15.1179 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
Durnin, J. V. G. A., & PASSMORE, R. (1967) · Heinemann Educational Books · Cited by 596 · see citing works
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND INCIDENCE OF HYPERTENSION IN COLLEGE ALUMNI
Paffenbarger, R. S., Wing, A. L., Hyde, R. T., & Jung, D. L. (1983) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113537 · Cited by 577 · see citing works
Age-related changes in speed of walking
Himann, J. E., Cunningham, D. A., Rechnitzer, P. A., & Paterson, D. H. (1988) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-198820020-00010 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Bouchard, C., Shepard, R. J., Stephens, T. W., Sutton, J. R., & McPherson, B. D. (1991) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199105000-00026 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Exercise in leisure time: coronary attack and death rates.
Morris, J. N., Clayton, D. G., Everitt, M. G., Semmence, A., & Burgess, E. (1990) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.63.6.325 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
King, A. C. (1991) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03470110081037 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Wood, P. D., Haskell, W. L., Blair, S. N., Williams, P. T., Krauss, R. M., Lindgren, F. T., Albers, J. J., Ho, P., & Farquhar, J. W. (1983) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(83)90152-x · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Effect of exercise training in 60- to 69-year-old persons with essential hypertension
Hagberg, J. M., Montain, S. J., Martin, W. H., & Ehsani, A. A. (1989) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(89)90533-x · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Ballor, D. L., & Keesey, R. E. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Blair, S. N., & Connelly, J. C. (1996) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.1996.10607943 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Physical activity and ischaemic heart disease in middle-aged British men.
Shaper, A. G., Wannamethee, S. G., & Weatherall, R. (1991) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.66.5.384 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Women walking for health and fitness. How much is enough?
Duncan, J. J. (1991) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.266.23.3295 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Evaluation and modification of exercise patterns in the natural environment
Brownell, K. D., Stunkard, A. J., & Albaum, J. M. (1980) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.137.12.1540 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Injuries and adherence to walk/jog and resistance training programs in the elderly
Pollock, M. L., Carroll, J. F., GRAVES, J. E., Leggett, S. H., Braith, R. W., Limacher, M. C., & Hagberg, J. M. (1991) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199110000-00014 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Physical fitness levels vs selected coronary risk factors. A cross-sectional study
Cooper, K. H. (1976) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.236.2.166 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
A 1-y walking program and increased dietary calcium in postmenopausal women: effects on bone
Nelson, M. E., Fisher, E. C., Dilmanian, F., Dallal, G., & Evans, W. (1991) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/53.5.1304 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Physical activity and calcium intake in fracture of the proximal femur in Hong Kong.
Lau, E., Donnan, S. P. B., BARKER, D. J. P., & Cooper, C. C. (1988) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.297.6661.1441 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Brisk walking does not stop bone loss in postmenopausal women
Cavanaugh, D. J., & Cann, C. E. (1988) · Bone · doi:10.1016/8756-3282(88)90031-2 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Leisure time physical activity and coronary heart disease death. The US Railroad Study.
Slattery, M. L., Jacobs, D. R., & Nichaman, M. Z. (1989) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.79.2.304 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Effect of exercise training on blood pressure in 70??? to 79-yr-old men and women
Cononie, C., GRAVES, J. E., Pollock, M. L., Phillips, M. I., Sumners, C., & Hagberg, J. M. (1991) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199104000-00018 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Exercise, fitness, and health.
Gloag, D. (1992) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.305.6850.377 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Leon, A. S., Conrad, J., Db, H., & SERFASS, R. C. (1979) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/32.9.1776 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Women Walking for Health and Fitness
Duncan, J. J. (1991) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03470230053030 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
HATORI, M., Hasegawa, A., Adachi, H., Sh�nozaki, A., HAYASHI, R., Okano, H., Mizunuma, H., & Murata, K. (1993) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/bf00571327 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Physiological Effects of an Exercise Training Regimen Upon Women Aged 52 to 79
Adams, G. M., & Vries, H. A. D. (1973) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/28.1.50 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Physical activity trends among 26 states, 1986???1990
Caspersen, C. J., & Merritt, R. K. (1995) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199505000-00014 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
A Public Health Intervention Model for Work-Site Health Promotion
Blair, S. N. (1986) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.255.7.921 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Health promotion by encouraged use of stairs
Blamey, A., Mutrie, N., & Tom, A. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7000.289 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Physiological Effects of an Exercise Training Regimen upon Men Aged 52 to 88
deVries, H. A. (1970) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/25.4.325 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Worksite Fitness and Exercise Programs: A Review of Methodology and Health Impact
Shephard, R. J. (1996) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/0890-1171-10.6.436 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationWalking is related to bone density and rates of bone loss
Krall, E. A., & Dawson‐Hughes, B. (1994) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(94)90111-2 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Randomised controlled trials of physical activity promotion in free living populations: a review.
Hillsdon, M., Thorogood, M., Anstiss, T., & Morris, J. M. (1995) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.49.5.448 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
King, A. C., Haskell, W. L., Taylor, C. B., et al. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Muscle strength and functional capacity in 78?81-year-old men and women
Danneskiold-Sams�e, B., Kofod, V., de Munter, J. S. L., Grimby, G., Schnohr, P., & Jensen, G. B. (1984) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf01015216 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
The Relationship of Reported Coronary Heart Disease Mortality to Physical Activity of Work
Kahn, H. A. (1963) · American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.53.7.1058 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Effects of walking on body composition and cardiovascular function of middle-aged man.
Pollock, M. L., Miller, H. S., Janeway, R., et al. (1971) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1971.30.1.126 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
The effects of moderate exercise training on psychological well-being and mood state in women
Cramer, S. R., Nieman, D. C., & Lee, J. W. (1991) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(91)90039-q · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Morris, J. N., Heady, J. A., & Raffle, P. A. B. (1956) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(56)92049-9 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Haapanen, N., Miilunpalo, S. I., Vuori, I., Oja, P., & Pasanen, M. E. (1996) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008830 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Løchen, M., & Rasmussen, K. (1992) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.46.2.103 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Influence of walking volume on health benefits in women post-menopause
Ready, A. E., Naimark, B. J., Ducas, J., Sawatzky, J. V., Boreskie, S. L., Drinkwater, D. T., & Oosterveen, S. (1996) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199609000-00004 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Gossard, D., Haskell, W. L., Taylor, C. B., Mueller, J. K., Rogers, F., Chandler, M. P., Ahn, D. K., Miller, N. H., & DeBusk, R. F. (1986) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(86)90770-8 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Effect of regular exercise on 24-hour arterial pressure in older hypertensive humans.
Seals, D. R., & Reiling, M. J. (1991) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.18.5.583 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Physiological adjustments to higher- or lower-intensity exercise in elders
Badenhop, D. T., Cleary, P. A., Schaal, S. F., Fox, E. L., & BARTELS, R. L. (1983) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-198315060-00010 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
The effects of exercise on the bones of postmenopausal women
White, M. K., Martin, R. B., YEATER, R. A., et al. (1984) · International Orthopaedics · doi:10.1007/bf00266829 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Women walking for health and fitness. How much is enough?
Duncan, J. J., Gordon, N. F., & Scott, C. B. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Physically active commuting to work???testing its potential for exercise promotion
VUORI, I. M., Oja, P., & Paronen, O. (1994) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199407000-00006 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Young, D. R., Haskell, W. L., Taylor, C. B., & Fortmann, S. P. (1996) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008921 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Study of coronary risk factors related to physical activity in 15 171 men.
Hickey, N. J., Mulcahy, R., Bourke, G. J., Graham, I., & WILSON-DAVIS, K. (1975) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.3.5982.507 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Physical activity and cardiovascular health∗
Fox, S. M., & Skinner, J. S. (1964) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(64)90002-5 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The effects of walking on the cross-sectional dimensions of the radius in postmenopausal women
Sandler, R. B., Cauley, J. A., Hom, D. L., Sashin, D., & Kriska, A. M. (1987) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/bf02555246 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Mahadeva, K., PASSMORE, R., & Woolf, B. (1953) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1953.sp004943 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Psychologic effect of acute physical activity.
Wp, M., Ja, R., & Ad, F. (1971) · PubMed · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Physical training effects on the fitness and habitual activity patterns of elderly women.
Hamdorf, P. A., Withers, R. T., Penhall, R. K., & Haslam, M. V. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 81 · see citing works
DiPietro, L., Williamson, D. F., Caspersen, C. J., & Eaker, E. D. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 81 · see citing works
A critical analysis of work-site fitness programs and their postulated economic benefits
Shephard, R. J. (1992) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199203000-00012 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationHardman, A. E., Hudson, A., Jones, P. R., & Norgan, N. G. (1989) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.299.6709.1204-a · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-selected exercise intensity of habitual walkers
SPELMAN, C. C., Pate, R. R., Macera, C. A., & Ward, D. S. (1993) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199310000-00014 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Walking Habits and Health-Related Factors in a 70-Year-Old Population
Frändin, K., Grimby, G., Mellström, D., & Svanborg, A. (2009) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000213272 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Effects of walking and other exercise programs upon blood pressure in normal subjects
Kingwell, B. A., & Jennings, G. (1993) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb121740.x · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Resource Manual for Guidelines for Graded Exercise Testing and Prescription
Humphrey, R. H. (1994) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00008483-199401000-00016 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
LIE, H., Mundal, R., & Erikssen, J. E. (1985) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a061829 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Endurance Training For Elderly Women: Moderate vs Low Intensity
Foster, V. L., Hume, G., Byrnes, W. C., et al. (1989) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/44.6.m184 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Jones, P. R. M., Hardman, A. E., Hudson, A., et al. (1991) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/bf02565131 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Population Evaluations of Health Related Fitness From Perceptions of Physical Activity and Fitness
Shephard, R. J., & Bouchard, C. (1994) · Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1139/h94-012 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationYoung, D. R., & Steinhardt, M. A. (1993) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.1993.10607590 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Effects of a short period of training of varying severity on some measurements of physical fitness
Durnin, J. V. G. A., Brockway, J. M., & Whitcher, H. W. (1960) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1960.15.1.161 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Is Fast Walking an Adequate Aerobic Training Stimulus for 30- to 69-Year-Old Men and Women?
Porcari, J. P., McCarron, R., KLINE, G. M., et al. (1987) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.1987.11709285 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Moderate-intensity physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors: The Stanford five-city project
Sallis, J. F., Haskell, W. L., Fortmann, S. P., Wood, P. D., & VRANIZAN, K. M. (1986) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/0091-7435(86)90061-7 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Endurance Training in Older Women
WHITEHURST, M. A., & Menendez, E. (1991) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.1991.11704868 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Cook, T. C., LaPorte, R. E., Washburn, R. A., et al. (1986) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-198612000-00008 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Overload protection: avoidance response to heavy plantar surface loading
Robbins, S. E., Hanna, A., & Gouw, G. J. (1988) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-198802000-00013 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Jetté, M., Sidney, K., & Campbell, J. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Aerobic responses to walking training in sedentary adolescents
Rowland, T., Varzeas, M. R., & Walsh, C. A. (1991) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/0197-0070(91)90037-m · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Physical activity and health-related fitness in middle-aged men
Rauramaa, R., Tuomainen, P. O., Väisänen, S., & Rankinen, T. (1995) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199505000-00013 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Brisk walking improves endurance fitness without changing body fatness in previously sedentary women
Hardman, A. E., Jones, P. R. M., Norgan, N. G., & Hudson, A. (1992) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00868140 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Validation of the Physical Activity Instrument for the Life in New Zealand National Survey
Hopkins, W. G., Wilson, N. C., & Russell, D. G. (1991) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115805 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Physio- logical responses of sedentary women to a 20-week conditioning program of walking or jogging
Santiago, M. C., Alexander, J. F., Stull, G. A., SERFASS, R. C., Hayday, A. M., & Leon, A. S. (1987) · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Walking and serum cholesterol in adults.
Tucker, L. A., & Friedman, G. M. (1990) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.80.9.1111 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Children's Sports Injuries: Are They Avoidable?
Goldberg, B. B., Witman, P. A., Gleim, G. W., et al. (1979) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.1979.11948487 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Stensel, D. J., Brooke-Wavell, K. S. F., Hardman, A. E., Jones, P. R. M., & Norgan, N. G. (1994) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00599525 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Effects of exercise on coronary risk factors in obese, middle-aged subjects.
Ohta, T., KAWAMURA, T., Hatano, K., et al. (1990) · Japanese Circulation Journal-english Edition · doi:10.1253/jcj.54.11_1459 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Current therapy in sports medicine 1985–1986
Cooper, J. (1986) · Injury · doi:10.1016/0020-1383(86)90091-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
White, M. K., YEATER, R. A., Martin, R. B., et al. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Heath, G. W., & Smith, J. D. (1994) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/00007611-199404000-00003 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Leisure time physical activity is a significant predictor of body density in men
Gardner, A. W., & Poehlman, É. T. (1994) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(94)90009-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Training and detraining effects on aerobic power in middle-aged and older men.
Miyashita, M., Haga, S., & Mizuta, T. (1978) · PubMed · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Physical activity and cardiovascular health
Lenfant, C. J. M. (1992) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199206001-00001 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
An examination of the methods of physical classification of African labourers for manual work.
Ch, W. (1966) · PubMed · Cited by 11 · see citing works
(1992) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640419208729951 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Cycling, physical exercise, and the millennium fund
Bhopal, R. S., & Unwin, N. C. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7001.344 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Which Disposable Chest Electrode?
Hubner, P. J. B. (1969) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.3.5669.507 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- American College of Sports Medicine. The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining fitness in healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991 ;22:265-74.
- Brunner D, Manelis G. Physical activity at work and ischemic heart disease. In: OA Larsen, RO Malmborg, eds. Coronary heart disease and physical fitness. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1971.
- Davison RCR, Grant S, Mutrie N et al. Walk for health?. Sports Sci 1992;10:556(Abstr).
- Hardman AE, Jones PRM, Norgaan NG et al. Brisk walking improves endurance fitness without changing body fatness in previously sedentary men. Eur J Appl Physiol 1992; 65:354-9.
- Hardman AE, Hudson A, Jones PMR et al. Brisk walking influences the physiological responses to submaximal step test in women. 7 Physiol (Lond) 1989;409:22P.
- White MK, Martin RB, Yeater RA et al. The effects of exer- cise on the bones of post-menopausal women. International Orthopaedics 1984;7:209-14.
- Porcari J, Ward A, Morgan W et al. Effect of walking on state anxiety and blood pressure. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1988;20: S85(Abstr).
- Shephard RJ. The workioad of the postal carrier. J Humn Ergol (Tokyo) 1983;11:151-64.
- Shephard RJ. Endurance fitn1ess. 1st ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969. on July 15, 2023 by guest. Protected by copyright. http://bjsm.bmj.com/ Br J Sports Med: first published as 10.1136/bjsm.31.4.277 on 1 December 1997. Downloaded from 84 American College of Sports Medicine. The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining fitness in healthy adults. Med Sci Sports 1978; 10:7-10.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dobbins, M., Husson, H., DeCorby, K., & LaRocca, R. L. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007651.pub2 · Cited by 1,358 · see citing works
Bize, R., Johnson, J. A., & Plotnikoff, R. C. (2007) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.07.017 · Cited by 1,149 · see citing works
Dobbins, M., DeCorby, K., Robeson, P., Husson, H., & Tirilis, D. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007651 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Energy Management of People in Organizations: A Review and Research Agenda
Schippers, M. C., & Hogenes, R. (2011) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-011-9217-6 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Physical activity of moderate intensity in leisure time and the risk of all cause mortality
Bucksch, J. (2005) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2004.015768 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
- Authors
- Shephard, R. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Shephard, R J
- ORCID
- Shephard, R J
- Venue
- British Journal of Sports Medicine
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1997-12
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 277-284
- ISSN
- 0306-3674 (ISSN-L)
- 1473-0480
- PMC
- PMC1332560
- OpenAlex
- W2137051418
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 0.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
- Keywords
- physical activity, walking, fast walking, cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise intensity, VO2max, cardiovascular health, blood pressure, lipid profile, bone mineral density, mood, fat mass, sedentary populations, older adults, obesity, occupational activity, leisure activity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Canada, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Physical Fitness, Health Behavior, Exercise, Risk Assessment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
