Determination and regulation of body composition in elite athletes

Sonksen, Peter

doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096742

Cited by 23Hormonal and reproductive studiesSexual Differentiation and DisordersGenetics and Physical Performance

Determination and regulation of body composition in elite athletes

Sonksen, Peter·2018·British Journal of Sports Medicine

DOI 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096742

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Abstract

In 2011, the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) and IOC introduced a 'hyperandrogenism' rule that excluded women with a serum testosterone >10 nmol/L from participating in elite sport. This rule was based on the false premise that the greater lean body mass in men was a consequence of their higher serum testosterone. This rule did not have scientific backing and the Court of Arbitration for Sport subsequently rescinded the rule following an appeal from an Indian athlete barred from the Commonwealth Games. This review covers the scientific knowledge about the development and regulation of body composition in humans but also considers the lessons learnt from evolution and breeding in animals. The importance of heredity has been documented in family and twin studies. The roles of growth hormone and sex steroids are reviewed. The Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) is considered as a model of the role of testosterone in development of body composition and also as evidence of the importance of other factors carried on the Y-chromosome that are of prime importance but have been systematically ignored. Finally the key factors determining body composition are considered and placed in a suggested order of importance.

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There is convincing evidence that sex differences in muscle mass and strength are sufficient to account for the increased strength and aerobic performance of men compared with women and are in keeping with differences in world records between the sexes.
“There is convincing evidence that the sex differences in muscle mass and strength are sufficient to account for the increased strength and aerobic performance of men compared with women and is in keeping with the differences in world records between the sexes (116).”
From Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance (2018) · cites this paper as [116]

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Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance
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Authors: Sonksen, P.
Affiliations: St Thomas’ Hospital and King's College, London, UK
Venue: British Journal of Sports Medicine
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2016-11-22
Volume: 52
Issue: 4
Pages: 219-229
ISSN: 0306-3674 (ISSN-L)
1473-0480
DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096742
OpenAlex: W2554358034
Cited by: 23
References: 109
Citations by year: 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1
FWCI: 0.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: British Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Physical Performance
Keywords: body composition, serum testosterone, elite athletes, sex steroids, growth hormone, androgen insensitivity syndrome, Y chromosome, heredity (biology), twin studies, lean body mass, sex differences, animal evolution, animal breeding, anti-doping
MeSH terms: Animals, Anthropometry, Body Composition, Female, Humans, Male, Phenotype, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Sports, Testosterone, Twin Studies as Topic, Human Growth Hormone, Inheritance Patterns, Athletes

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Determination and regulation of body composition in elite athletes

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