Walking on sunshine: Scoping review of the evidence for walking and mental health
Open accessAbstract
Background/objectives: Walking has well-established positive relationships with, and effects on, physical health. In contrast, while poor mental health contributes substantially to global health burden, an overview of the benefits from walking has not previously been published. We aimed to scope the literature and present what is known, and highlight what is not known, about walking and mental health. Methods: Design: Scoping review. Data sources: Ovid (Medline), ProQuest, Web of Science. Screening and reporting: 13 014 records were identified and screened by a team of researchers. Included full texts were analysed and reported according to mental health outcome. Results: For the 8 mental health outcomes (identified a priori), there were a total of 5 systematic reviews and 50 individual papers included. Depression had the most evidence and existing systematic reviews were reported. Evidence for anxiety, psychological stress, psychological well-being, subjective well-being and social isolation and loneliness varied in volume and effectiveness, but no harmful effects were identified. There were no studies for walking and resilience. The setting and context of walking seems to be important variables. Conclusion: The evidence base that suggests walking benefits mental health is growing, but remains fragmented and incomplete for some important outcomes. Policy and national guidelines should promote the known mental health benefits of increased walking and future research should directly address the gaps we have identified.
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The results also support the growing literature that activity in greenspace yields greater improvements in mental health than does activity completed indoors or in a built urban environment.
“The results also support the growing literature that activity in greenspace yields greater improvements in mental health than does activity completed indoors or in a built urban environment [43,44,52].”
From Walking Green: Developing an Evidence Base for Nature Prescriptions (2019) · cites this paper as [43]
The “Context of walking” section reports positive mental-health effects for walking in green or natural settings compared with urban settings, and for outdoor walking compared with indoor walking. The claim extends those findings to activity generally, while the review focuses on walking and notes that high-quality evidence for the indoor–outdoor comparison remains limited. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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- Authors
- Kelly, P., Williamson, C., Niven, A. G., Hunter, R., Mutrie, N., & Richards, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Queen's University Belfast (GB)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Kelly, Paul
- Venue
- British Journal of Sports Medicine
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2018-05-31
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 800-806
- ISSN
- 0306-3674 (ISSN-L)
- 1473-0480
- OpenAlex
- W2807164794
- Cited by
- 253
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 2.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- pure.qub.ac.uk
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- British Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Urban Green Space and Health
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
- Keywords
- walking, mental health, depression, anxiety, psychological stress, psychological well-being, subjective well-being, social isolation, loneliness, resilience, physical activity
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Depression, Humans, Loneliness, Mental Health, Stress, Psychological, Health Behavior, Walking, Resilience, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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