Effect of combination treatment with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on incidence of cardiovascular and serious renal events: population based cohort study
Open accessAbstract
Objective: To determine whether the combined use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors is associated with a decreased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and serious renal events compared with either drug class alone among patients with type 2 diabetes, and to assess the effect of the combination on the individual components of major adverse cardiovascular events, heart failure, and all cause mortality. Design: Population based cohort study using a prevalent new-user design, emulating a trial. Setting: UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink linked to Hospital Episode Statistics Admitted Patient Care and Office for National Statistics databases. Participants: Two prevalent new-user cohorts were assembled between January 2013 and December 2020, with follow-up until the end of March 2021. The first cohort included 6696 patients who started GLP-1 receptor agonists and added on SGLT-2 inhibitors, and the second included 8942 patients who started SGLT-2 inhibitors and added on GLP-1 receptor agonists. Combination users were matched, in a 1:1 ratio, to patients prescribed the same background drug, duration of background drug, and time conditional propensity score. Main outcome measures: Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to estimate the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of major adverse cardiovascular events and serious renal events, separately, comparing the GLP-1 receptor agonist-SGLT-2 inhibitor combination with the background drug, either GLP-1 receptor agonists or SGLT-2 inhibitors, depending on the cohort. Secondary outcomes included associations with the individual components of major adverse cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, cardiovascular mortality), heart failure, and all cause mortality. Results: Compared with GLP-1 receptor agonists, the SGLT-2 inhibitor-GLP-1 receptor agonist combination was associated with a 30% lower risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (7.0 v 10.3 events per 1000 person years; hazard ratio 0.70, 95% confidence interval 0.49 to 0.99) and a 57% lower risk of serious renal events (2.0 v 4.6 events per 1000 person years; hazard ratio 0.43, 0.23 to 0.80). Compared with SGLT-2 inhibitors, the GLP-1 receptor agonist-SGLT-2 inhibitor combination was associated with a 29% lower risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (7.6 v 10.7 events per 1000 person years; hazard ratio 0.71, 0.52 to 0.98), whereas serious renal events generated a wide confidence interval (1.4 v 2.0 events per 1000 person years; hazard ratio 0.67, 0.32 to 1.41). Secondary outcomes generated similar results but with wider confidence intervals. Conclusions: In this cohort study, the GLP-1 receptor agonist-SGLT-2 inhibitor combination was associated with a lower risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and serious renal events compared with either drug class alone.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In a population-based cohort study, addition of a GLP-1 RA on top of SGLT2 inhibitor treatment was associated with a 30% lower risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and 57% lower risk of serious kidney events compared with GLP-1 RA therapy alone after a median follow-up of 9 months.
“The addition of a GLP-1 RA on top of SGLT2 inhibitor treatment was associated with a 30% lower risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and 57% lower risk of serious kidney events compared with GLP-1 RA therapy alone after a median follow-up of 9 months.”
From 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [146]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 1 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the same cohort study, addition of an SGLT2 inhibitor on top of GLP-1 RA was associated with a 29% lower risk of major adverse cardiovascular events compared with SGLT2 inhibitor alone.
“The addition of an SGLT2 inhibitor on top of GLP-1 RA was associated with a 29% lower risk of major adverse cardiovascular events compared with SGLT2 inhibitor alone.”
From 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [146]
The Results section (GLP-1 receptor agonist–SGLT-2 inhibitor combination versus SGLT-2 inhibitors; page unavailable) reports a 29% lower risk of major adverse cardiovascular events for combination treatment versus SGLT-2 inhibitors alone. But that comparison concerns adding a GLP-1 receptor agonist to SGLT-2 inhibitor treatment. The Results section reports a 30% lower risk, compared with GLP-1 receptor agonists alone, for the add-on direction stated in the claim. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the cohort study, when stratified based on history of kidney disease, use of combination treatment by individuals with a history of kidney disease was associated with a lower risk of major adverse cardiovascular events compared with those without kidney disease.
“When stratified based on history of kidney disease, the use of combination treatment by individuals with a history of kidney disease was associated with a lower risk of major adverse cardiovascular events compared with those without kidney disease (146).”
From 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [146]
The combination of GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors is associated with a lower risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and serious kidney disease events compared with either drug class alone.
“The authors concluded that the combination of both drug classes was associated with a lower risk of MACE and serious kidney disease events compared with either drug class alone.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes
Zinman, B., Wanner, C., Lachin, J. M., Fitchett, D., Bluhmki, E., Hantel, S., Mattheus, M., Devins, T., Johansen, O. E., Woerle, H. J., et al. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1504720 · Cited by 12,315 · see citing works
Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Type 2 Diabetes
Neal, B., Perkovic, V., Mahaffey, K. W., de Zeeuw, D., Fulcher, G., Erondu, N., Shaw, W., Law, G., Desai, M., & Matthews, D. R. (2017) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1611925 · Cited by 7,830 · see citing works
Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes
Marso, S. P., Daniels, G. H., Brown-Frandsen, K., Kristensen, P., Mann, J. F. E., Nauck, M. A., Nissen, S. E., Pocock, S., Poulter, N. R., Ravn, L. S., et al. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1603827 · Cited by 7,629 · see citing works
Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Marso, S. P., Bain, S. C., Consoli, A., Eliaschewitz, F. G., Jódar, E., Leiter, L. A., Lingvay, I., Rosenstock, J., Seufert, J., Warren, M. L., et al. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1607141 · Cited by 6,900 · see citing works
Dapagliflozin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes
Wiviott, S. D., Raz, I., Bonaca, M. P., Mosenzon, O., Kato, E. T., Cahn, A., Silverman, M. G., Zelniker, T. A., Kuder, J. F., Murphy, S. A., et al. (2019) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1812389 · Cited by 6,382 · see citing works
Canagliflozin and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy
Perkovic, V., Jardine, M. J., Neal, B., Bompoint, S., Heerspink, H. J. L., Charytan, D. M., Edwards, R., Agarwal, R., Bakris, G., Bull, S., et al. (2019) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1811744 · Cited by 6,189 · see citing works
Cosentino, F., Grant, P. J., Aboyans, V., Bailey, C. J., Ceriello, A., Delgado, V., Federici, M., Filippatos, G., Grobbee, D. E., Hansen, T. B., et al. (2020) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz486 · Cited by 4,763 · see citing works
Multiple imputation by chained equations: what is it and how does it work?
Azur, M. J., Stuart, E. A., Frangakis, C., & Leaf, P. J. (2011) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.329 · Cited by 3,542 · see citing works
Davies, M. J., D’Alessio, D. A., Fradkin, J., Kernan, W. N., Mathieu, C., Mingrone, G., Rossing, P., Tsapas, A., Wexler, D. J., & Buse, J. B. (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci18-0033 · Cited by 3,518 · see citing works
Gerstein, H. C., Colhoun, H. M., Dagenais, G. R., Diaz, R., Lakshmanan, M., Pais, P., Probstfield, J., Riesmeyer, J. S., Riddle, M. C., Rydén, L., et al. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31149-3 · Cited by 3,163 · see citing works
Data Resource Profile: Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD)
Herrett, E., Gallagher, A. M., Bhaskaran, K., Forbes, H., Mathur, R., van Staa, T., & Smeeth, L. (2015) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyv098 · Cited by 2,667 · cited 2× · see citing works
“21 More than 90% of patients in the CPRD are linkable to other datasets.”
BackgroundCherney, D. Z. I., Perkins, B. A., Soleymanlou, N., Maione, M., Lai, V., Lee, A., Fagan, N. M., Woerle, H. J., Johansen, O. E., Broedl, U. C., et al. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.005081 · Cited by 1,329 · see citing works
GLP-1 receptor agonists for individualized treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Meier, J. J. (2012) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2012.140 · Cited by 1,311 · cited 1× · see citing works
“33 34 This drug class also promotes satiety by delaying gastric emptying and acting on appetite regions of the hypothalamus, resulting in decreased food intake and sustained weight loss.”
BackgroundBuse, J. B., Wexler, D. J., Tsapas, A., Rossing, P., Mingrone, G., Mathieu, C., D’Alessio, D. A., & Davies, M. J. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci19-0066 · Cited by 1,192 · see citing works
SGLT2 inhibitors and mechanisms of cardiovascular benefit: a state-of-the-art review
Verma, S., & McMurray, J. J. V. (2018) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4670-7 · Cited by 999 · see citing works
Imputing missing covariate values for the Cox model
White, I., & Royston, P. (2009) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.3618 · Cited by 994 · see citing works
9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: <i>Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2021</i>
American Diabetes Association (2021) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc21-s009 · Cited by 972 · see citing works
Frías, J. P., Guja, C., Hardy, E., Ahmed, A., Dong, F., Öhman, P., & Jabbour, S. A. (2016) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(16)30267-4 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Zinman, B., Bhosekar, V., Busch, R., Holst, I., Ludvik, B., Thielke, D., Thrasher, J., Woo, V., & Philis-Tsimikas, A. (2019) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(19)30066-x · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Solini, A., Giannini, L., Seghieri, M., Vitolo, E., Taddei, S., Ghiadoni, L., & Bruno, R. M. (2017) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-017-0621-8 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Herrett, E. L., Shah, A. D., Boggon, R., Denaxas, S., Smeeth, L. L., van Staa, T. P., Timmis, A., & Hemingway, H. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f2350 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Emerging role of SGLT-2 inhibitors for the treatment of obesity
Pereira, M. J., & Eriksson, J. W. (2019) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-019-1057-0 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Kalra, S. (2014) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-014-0089-4 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Fujita, H., Morii, T., Fujishima, H., Sato, T., Shimizu, T., Hosoba, M., Tsukiyama, K., Narita, T., Takahashi, T., Drucker, D. J., et al. (2014) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/ki.2013.427 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Sharma, M., Nazareth, I., & Petersen, I. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010210 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Suissa, S., Moodie, E. E. M., & Dell'Aniello, S. (2017) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.4107 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Self-citationCeriello, A., Novials, A., Ortega, E., Canivell, S., La Sala, L., Pujadas, G., Esposito, K., Giugliano, D., & Genovese, S. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-2469 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Wright, A. K., Carr, M., Kontopantelis, E., Leelarathna, L., Thabit, H., Emsley, R., Buchan, I. E., Mamas, M. A., van Staa, T. P., Sattar, N. A., et al. (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc21-1113 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Pharmacologic Glycemic Management of Type 2 Diabetes in Adults: 2020 Update
Lipscombe, L., Butalia, S., Dasgupta, K., Eurich, D. T., MacCallum, L., Shah, B. R., Simpson, S., & Senior, P. A. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2020.08.001 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Lam, C. S. P., Ramasundarahettige, C., Branch, K. R. H., Sattar, N., Rosenstock, J., Pratley, R., Del Prato, S., Lopes, R. D., Niemoeller, E., Khurmi, N. S., et al. (2022) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.121.057934 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Li, C., Jie, L., Jiang, M., & Wang, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.838277 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Dave, C. V., Kim, S. C., Goldfine, A. B., Glynn, R. J., Tong, A., & Patorno, E. (2020) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.120.047965 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Clegg, L. E., Penland, R. C., Bachina, S., Boulton, D. W., Thuresson, M., Heerspink, H. J. L., Gustavson, S., Sjöström, C. D., Ruggles, J. A., Hernandez, A. F., et al. (2019) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-019-0942-x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Castellana, M., Cignarelli, A., Brescia, F., Perrini, S., Natalicchio, A., Laviola, L., & Giorgino, F. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-55524-w · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Liraglutide dictates macrophage phenotype in apolipoprotein E null mice during early atherosclerosis
Bruen, R., Curley, S., Kajani, S., Crean, D., O'Reilly, M. E., Lucitt, M. B., Godson, C., McGillicuddy, F. C., & Belton, O. (2017) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-017-0626-3 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Number needed to treat is incorrect without proper time-related considerations
Suissa, D., Brassard, P., Smiechowski, B., & Suissa, S. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.04.009 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationGuo, M., Gu, J., Teng, F., Chen, J., Ma, X., Chen, Q., Pu, Y., Jiang, Z., Long, Y., & Xu, Y. (2020) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-019-02175-6 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Jensen, M. H., Kjølby, M., Hejlesen, O. K., Jakobsen, P. E., & Vestergaard, P. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-2535 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Anderson, J. E. (2020) · Diabetes Spectrum · doi:10.2337/ds19-0031 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Arnott, C. G., Neuen, B. L., Heerspink, H. J. L., Figtree, G. A., Kosiborod, M., Lam, C. S. P., Cannon, C. P., Rosenthal, N. R., Shaw, W. C., Mahaffey, K. W., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.06.011 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Arana, A., Margulis, A. V., Varas‐Lorenzo, C., Bui, C. L., Gilsenan, A., McQuay, L. J., Reynolds, M., Rebordosa, C., Franks, B., de Vogel, S., et al. (2020) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.5150 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Suissa, S., Dell’Aniello, S., & Renoux, C. (2023) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000001628 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationGoldenberg, R. M., Ahooja, V., Clemens, K. K., Gilbert, J. D., Poddar, M., & Verma, S. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2020.09.005 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [29]Rubin DB. Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys. John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mann, J. F. E., Rossing, P., Bakris, G., Belmar, N., Bosch-Traberg, H., Busch, R., Charytan, D. M., Hadjadj, S., Gillard, P., Górriz, J. L., et al. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03133-0 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Advances and challenges in kidney fibrosis therapeutics
Abbad, L., Estève, E., & Chatziantoniou, C. (2025) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/s41581-025-00934-5 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes*, Bajaj, M., McCoy, R. G., Balapattabi, K., Bannuru, R. R., Bellini, N. J., Bennett, A. K., Beverly, E. A., Briggs Early, K., ChallaSivaKanaka, S., et al. (2026) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc26-s011 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Inflammatory Trajectory of Type 2 Diabetes: Novel Opportunities for Early and Late Treatment
Pellegrini, V., Grotta, R. L., Carreras, F., Giuliani, A., Sabbatinelli, J., Olivieri, F., Berra, C., Ceriello, A., & Prattichizzo, F. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13191662 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Treatment of chronic kidney disease in older populations
Kishi, S., Kadoya, H., & Kashihara, N. (2024) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/s41581-024-00854-w · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Ndumele, C. E., Rodríguez, F., Dixon, D. L., Khan, S. S., Mukherjee, D., Bajaj, M. S., Bangalore, S., Bozkurt, B., Breathett, K. K., Clarke, S. L., et al. (2026) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001453 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Ndumele, C. E., Rodriguez, F., Dixon, D. L., Khan, S. S., Mukherjee, D., Bajaj, M., Bangalore, S., Bozkurt, B., Breathett, K., Clarke, S. L., et al. (2026) · JACC · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2026.03.056 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Scheen, A. J. (2024) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-024-02090-9 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Real-world effectiveness of adding newer generation GLP-1RA to SGLT2i in type 2 diabetes
Chaiyakunapruk, N., Tan, X., Liang, Y. M., Guevarra, M., Xie, L., & CHENG, A. Y. Y. (2025) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-025-02737-1 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Lan, N. S. R., Dwivedi, G., Fegan, P. G., Game, F. L., & Hamilton, E. J. (2024) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-024-02527-1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Agarwal, A., Mustafa, R. A., Manja, V., Agoritsas, T., Macdonald, H., Li, S., Foroutan, F., Rayner, D. G., Rodríguez‐Gutiérrez, R., Åsvold, B. O., et al. (2025) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2024-082071 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Early combination therapy with SGLT2i and GLP ‐1 RA or dual GIP / GLP ‐1 RA in type 2 diabetes
Vale, C., Lourenço, I. M., Jordan, G., Golovaty, I., Torres, H., Moin, T., Buysschaert, M., Neves, J. S., & Bergman, M. (2024) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.16077 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Shokravi, A., Seth, J., & Mancini, G. B. J. (2025) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-025-02900-8 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Perspectives of Tubular Injury in Diabetic Kidney Disease: An Update
Geng, J., Ma, S., Tang, H. R., & Zhang, C. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13061424 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Colombijn, J. M. T., de Leijer, J. F., Visseren, F. L. J., Verhaar, M. C., van Raalte, D. H., Sattar, N. A., Vernooij, R. W. M., & van Sloten, T. T. (2025) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-025-06565-6 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists and kidney outcomes
MacIsaac, R. J., Trevella, P., & Ekinci, E. I. (2024) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.13609 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Liu, T., Fan, Z., Li, Y., Xiao, B., & Chang, H. (2025) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2025.133229 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Semaglutide: a key medication for managing cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome
MacIsaac, R. J. (2025) · Future Cardiology · doi:10.1080/14796678.2025.2511412 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Scheen, A. J. (2024) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2024.101594 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Yepes, C. A., Cardenas-Moreno, I. C., Daza-Arnedo, R., Fériz, K., Yama-Mosquera, E., Rincón, A. R., Castillo, G. A., Suarez-Rodriguez, A. F., Carreño-Jiménez, J., & Builes-Montaño, C. E. (2025) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-025-01722-x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Steven, S., Kuntić, M., Münzel, T. F., & Daiber, A. (2025) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.pharmr.2025.100082 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Aristizábal-Colorado, D., Corredor-Rengifo, D., Sierra-Castillo, S., López-Corredor, C., Trujillo, D. A. V., Weir-Restrepo, D., Izquierdo‐Condoy, J. S., Ortiz‐Prado, E., Rico-Fontalvo, J. E., Gomez‐Mesa, J., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1605746 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Impact of DPP-4 Inhibitors in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and Heart Failure: An In-Depth Review
Epelde, F. (2024) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina60121986 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Sridharan, K., & Sivaramakrishnan, G. (2025) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-025-01730-8 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The interplay between heart failure and chronic kidney disease
Lala, A., Levin, A., & Khunti, K. K. (2025) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.16371 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Impact of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists on Kidney Outcomes
Mendonça, L., Moura, H., Castro‐Chaves, P., Neves, J. S., & Ferreira, J. P. (2024) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.0000000584 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Jhu, J., Fang, Y., Huang, C., Liou, H., Chen, M., & Tsai, M. (2024) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.14361 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Mechanisms and treatment of obesity-related hypertension—Part 2: Treatments
Parvanova, A. I., Abbate, M., Reseghetti, E., & Ruggenenti, P. L. (2025) · Clinical Kidney Journal · doi:10.1093/ckj/sfaf035 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Mann, J. F. E., Marx, N., Deanfield, J. E., Emerson, S. S., Inzucchi, S. E., McGuire, D. K., Mulvagh, S. L., Pop-Busui, R., Poulter, N. R., Engelmann, M. D. M., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc25-1080 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Antidiabetic Treatment and Prevention of Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review
Prentza, V., Pavlidis, G., Ikonomidis, I., Pililis, S., Lampsas, S., Kountouri, A., Pliouta, L., Korakas, E., Thymis, J., Palaiodimou, L., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13195786 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
SGLT-2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists as Combination Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes
Liakos, A., Karagiannis, T., Avgerinos, I., & Bekiari, E. (2026) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-025-01616-z · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Feng, Y., Zhang, Y., Gao, F., Liu, M., & Luo, Y. (2024) · Hereditas · doi:10.1186/s41065-024-00345-9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Shah, M. U., Roebuck, A., Srinivasan, B., Ward, J. K., Squires, P. E., Hills, C. E., & Lee, K. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1499681 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Gonzales-Uribe, A., Ruiz-Cortez, R., Silva, N. C., Olivero, L. J., Agarwal, R., Castillo, S. A., Garcia-Geng, A., Lyu, X., Mendoza‐Quispe, D., Becerra-Gonzales, V. G., et al. (2025) · Clinical Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00392-025-02710-8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Kittleson, M. D., Panjrath, G. S., Bates, K., Breathett, K. K., Dixon, D. L., Januzzi, J. L., & Mohammed, S. F. (2026) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2026.06.018 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Bellos, I., Marinaki, S., Λάγιου, Π., & Benetou, V. (2024) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom15010039 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
McCarron, É. P., Chinnadurai, R., Meyer, J., Anderson, T., Stępień, K. M., Sharma, R., Woolfson, P. I., & Jovanović, A. (2025) · Molecular Genetics and Metabolism Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ymgmr.2025.101229 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Neuroimmune Mechanisms in Alcohol Use Disorder: Microglial Modulation and Therapeutic Horizons
Ye, J.-H., Zuo, W., Chaudhry, F. A., & Chinn, L. W. (2025) · Psychoactives · doi:10.3390/psychoactives4030033 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Blum, M. F., Mehta, S., Surapaneni, A., Carrero, J. J., Zhang, D. “., Inker, L. A., Horwitz, L. I., Blecker, S., Shin, J., & Grams, M. E. (2025) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.0000000902 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Diabetes and Heart Failure: A Literature Review, Reflection and Outlook
Li, X., Zhou, X., & Gao, L. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12071572 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Wu, Y. (2024) · American Journal of Translational Research · doi:10.62347/mcee4840 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
STOUGAARD, E. B., Curovic, V. R., & Hansen, T. W. (2025) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-025-01726-7 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Wang, M., & Zuo, L. (2025) · Cardiorenal Medicine · doi:10.1159/000545622 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Chaudhry, A., Thompson, D. M., & Chanoine, J. (2025) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.70240 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Santos, G. L., dos Santos, C. F., Rocha, G. R., Calmon, M. S., Lemos, F. F. B., Silva, L. G., Luz, M. S., Pinheiro, S. L. R., Botelho, A. C., & de Melo, F. F. (2025) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v16.i6.104706 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Dong, H., Chang, L., Tian, T., Shi, R., Yu, K., Wang, C., Liu, Z., Jin, Q., Wang, J., He, T., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1724965 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sinclair, A. J., Sequiera, I., & Abdelhafiz, A. H. (2025) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo15060381 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Fakih, W., Mroueh, A., Kikuchi, S., Marzak, H., Amissi, S., Gong, D.-S., Kerth, S., Kindo, M. J., Mommerot, A., Pieper, M. P., et al. (2026) · JACC Basic to Translational Science · doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2026.101587 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Empagliflozin: Primus Inter Pares Among Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors?
Biondi‐Zoccai, G., Frati, G., Peruzzi, M., & Booz, G. W. (2024) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fjc.0000000000001605 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Zhu, J., Wilding, J. P. H., & Gu, X. (2024) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v15.i10.2135 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Obesity Management for Patients with Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Failure
Syed, A. A., Adam, S., Miller, C., & Alkhaffaf, B. H. (2025) · Heart Failure Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.hfc.2024.12.006 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mahmoud, A., Kamel, I. S., Awad, K., Farina, J., Ibrahim, R., Abdelnabi, M. H., Allam, M., Pham, H. N., Rosenthal, J., Steidley, E. D., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2025.133567 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cancer therapy–induced cardiac metabolic reprogramming: A new frontier in cardio-oncology
Lang, Z., Zhao, J., Dong, K., Zhao, Y., Bai, L., Cong, Q., Chen, C., Wang, Y., Tang, J., & Bai, M. (2025) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2025.115397 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Pham, H. N., Ibrahim, R., Abdelnabi, M. H., Bcharah, G., Mahmoud, A., Allam, M., Farina, J., Lee, J. Z., Singh, A., Ayoub, C., et al. (2025) · European Heart Journal - Quality of Care and Clinical Outcomes · doi:10.1093/ehjqcco/qcaf135 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Al-Qurain, A. A., Salem, M., Algarzai, B. A., Eljadi, E. M., Elsayed, H., Almuhanna, A., Albuhayji, D. S., Salami, M., Alzahrani, J. A., Alsayyali, J., et al. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.100927 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
GLP-1RA plus SGLT2i combination therapy and liver fibrosis progression in MASLD with type 2 diabetes
Choi, J., Mitchell, G., Nguyen, V. H., Przybyszewski, E. M., Song, J., Carroll, A., Michta, M., Almazan, E., Simon, T. G., & Chung, R. T. (2026) · Hepatology Communications · doi:10.1097/hc9.0000000000000949 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hösli, P., Renström, F., Laimer, M. W., Cavelti‐Weder, C., Gastaldi, G., Lehmann, R., & Brändle, M. (2024) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2024-004108 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Salvatore, M., Zhang, B., Tang, H., Lu, Y., Zhang, D., Zhou, T., Lu, Y., Amaro, A., Ritchie, M. D., & Chen, Y. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.06.03.25328908 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Halimi, J., Fauchier, L., Karras, A., Amouyal, C., Eladari, D., Rossignol, P., Choukroun, G. J., Zaoui, P., Girerd, N., & Hadjadj, S. (2025) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwaf426 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Yan, W., Wang, D., Zhang, X., & Xuan, C. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2025.5652 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Abdelhafiz, A. H., Siqueira, I., & Sinclair, A. J. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2025.109193 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Economos, H., & MacIsaac, R. J. (2025) · World Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.5527/wjn.v14.i4.109457 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Miao, Y., He, P., Wang, D.-Y., Yan, L., Cao, H., & Shao, F.-M. (2026) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v17.i2.112867 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Amycretin in obesity: Mechanisms, clinical efficacy, and future perspectives
Fu, L., Ding, R., Xu, G., Hu, J., & Yang, P. C. (2026) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2026.156594 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Gliozzi, M., Coppoletta, A. R., Cardamone, A., Carresi, C., Mollace, R., Musolino, V., & Mollace, V. (2025) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107744 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kim, Y. H., Her, A., Rha, S., Choi, C. U., Choi, B. G., Park, S., Kang, D. O., Hyun, S. J., Cho, J. R., Park, J. Y., et al. (2024) · Cardiology Journal · doi:10.5603/cj.97842 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Blum, K., Dennen, C. A., Lewandrowski, K.-U., Sharafshah, A., Pinhasov, A., Bowirrat, A., Elman, I., Cadet, J. L., Braverman, E. R., Thanos, P. K., et al. (2025) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2025.111612 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Hsu, C., Hsu, C., fang, X., Yen, F., & Leong, P. (2025) · International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1111/1756-185x.70199 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Machado-Duque, M. E., Gaviria-Mendoza, A., Valladales-Restrepo, L. F., & Machado-Alba, J. E. (2025) · Drugs - Real World Outcomes · doi:10.1007/s40801-025-00518-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Joubert, M., Ducheix, S., Prieur, X., Cariou, B., & Manrique, A. (2025) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.70012 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Yau, K., Ray, J. G., Jeyakumar, N., Luo, B., Abdullah, S. S., Dixon, S. N., Wing, S. L., Clemens, K. K., Castrillon-Ramirez, F., Udell, J. A., et al. (2025) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2025.09.010 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Maier, G. A., Hennig, B., Rathmann, W., & Kuss, O. (2026) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.70523 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mao, X., Fan, H., Yuen, M.-F., Cheung, R. C., Seto, W., & Nguyen, M. H. (2026) · Hepatology · doi:10.1097/hep.0000000000001771 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Management of salt-sensitive hypertension in clinical settings: how should we approach it?
Todua, I. (2026) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2026.05.003 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Stamouli, E., Trakatelli, C., Sarigianni, M., Kitsios, K., & Kotsis, V. (2026) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-026-03239-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mann, J. F. E., Badve, S. V., Baeres, F. M. M., Belmar, N., Brown‐Frandsen, K., Buse, J. B., Colhoun, H. M., Deanfield, J. E., Engelmann, M. D. M., Hovingh, G. K., et al. (2026) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00134-8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Henry, P., Jacqueminet, S., Lemesle, G., Prévost, G., Boccara, Cosson, E., Puymirat, É., Angoulvant, D., Roubille, F., Kownator, S., et al. (2025) · Archives of cardiovascular diseases · doi:10.1016/j.acvd.2025.02.012 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Khan, H. U., Akhtar, B., Singla, B., Mughal, H. M. F., Hamid, A., Khan, Z. U., Ismail, S., Sana, M., & Khaliq, M. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.84137 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Health Care Utilization and Costs Associated With Empagliflozin in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Htoo, P. T., Najafzadeh, M., Tesfaye, H., Schneeweiß, S., Wexler, D. J., Glynn, R. J., Schmedt, N., Déruaz‐Luyet, A., Koeneman, L., Paik, J. M., et al. (2024) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc24-0270 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Diabetic kidney disease—Recent updates
Bloomgarden, Z. T. (2024) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.13612 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Henry, P., Jacqueminet, S., Lemesle, G., Prévost, G., Boccara, F., Cosson, E., Puymirat, É., Angoulvant, D., Roubille, F., Kownator, S., et al. (2025) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2025.101645 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sue, Y., Lu, D.-E., Chang, T.-I., Chen, C.-Y., Chen, C., Hsu, S., Chu, Y.-L., Huang, N.-J., Chen, T.-H., Lin, F., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14124287 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Islam, T., & Uddin, N. (2025) · EMJ Diabetes · doi:10.33590/emjdiabet/rkyo7834 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Reule, S. A., Pickthorn, S., Drake, T., Ishani, A., & Foley, R. (2025) · AACE Endocrinology and Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.aed.2025.12.001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jansz, T. T., McGovern, A. P., Young, K., Dinsdale, M. M., Cardoso, P., Shields, B. M., Hattersley, A. T., Jones, A. G., Pearson, E. R., Bingham, C., et al. (2026) · The Lancet Primary Care · doi:10.1016/j.lanprc.2026.100139 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wu, C., Shah, B. R., Ezekowitz, J. A., Sharma, A., Wang, T., Wu, C. F., Liu, P. P., Edwards, J. D., & Swardfager, W. (2026) · European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1093/ehjcvp/pvag031 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
吴学碧, Ma, Y., Yin, X., Liu, J., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1863710 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Estler, B., Fröhlich, H., Täger, T., Frey, N., & Frankenstein, L. (2026) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.1007/s40273-026-01621-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Porterfield, L. R., Nadeem, S., Swanson, D., Hayek, S. S., & Vaughan, E. M. (2026) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-026-01448-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Concomitant use of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with heart failure
Khademi, R., & Shoar, S. (2026) · Cardiovascular Diabetology – Endocrinology Reports · doi:10.1186/s40842-026-00319-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Davies, M. J., Aroda, V. R., Bajaj, M. S., ElSayed, N. A., Giorgino, F., Green, J., Kalyani, R. R., Maruthur, N. M., Mathieu, C., Rosas, S. E., et al. (2026) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-026-06855-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Raja, S. G. (2025) · British journal of healthcare and medical research · doi:10.14738/bjhmr.1202.18663 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kombinierte Gabe von Antihyperglykämika verringert kardiorenale Risiken bei T2D
Lellis, M. A. D. (2024) · DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1055/a-2323-3932
The Burden of Heart Failure in the Obese Patient
Jolobe, O. M. P. (2024) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2024.05.019
Yan, W., Wang, D., Zhang, X., & Xuan, C. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.10.23.619957
Not all carbs are bad for the kidney
Gusella, G. L. (2024) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.11.006
Communiqué. Diagnostic précoce et traitements préventifs de la progression de la fibrose rénale
de médecine, A. N. (2025) · Bulletin de l Académie Nationale de Médecine · doi:10.1016/j.banm.2025.01.006
Jeter, A. F., Melton, B. L., & Newell, B. J. (2025) · The Senior Care Pharmacist · doi:10.4140/tcp.n.2025.97
Emulating randomized trials: treading carefully and pushing the limits
Renoux, C., & Suissa, S. (2025) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwaf023
Self-citationMoreno, D. M., López, G. P., Walther, L. A. Á.-S., Rueda-Camino, J. A., Martín‐Vallejo, J., & Albarrán, O. G. (2025) · Clinical Medicine Insights Endocrinology and Diabetes · doi:10.1177/11795514251323831
- Authors
- Simms-Williams, N., Treves, N., Yin, H., Lu, S., Yu, O., Pradhan, R., Renoux, C., Suissa, S., & Azoulay, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
- Jewish General Hospital (CA)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Azoulay, Laurent
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2024-04-25
- Volume
- 385
- Pages
- e078242
- ISSN
- 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11043905
- OpenAlex
- W4395446333
- Cited by
- 151
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 26
- FWCI
- 49.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Failure Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, combination therapy, type 2 diabetes, major adverse cardiovascular events, heart failure, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, drug safety, propensity score matching, new-user cohort, Clinical Practice Research Datalink, Hospital Episode Statistics, Office for National Statistics
- MeSH terms
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor, Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists, Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Male, Middle Aged, Cohort Studies, Incidence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
