The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Statistics Notes: Diagnostic tests 1: sensitivity and specificity
Open accessAbstract
The simplest diagnostic test is one where the results of an investigation, such as an x ray examination or biopsy, are used to classify patients into two groups according to the presence or absence of a symptom or sign. For example, the table shows the relation between the results of a test, a liver scan, and the correct diagnosis based on either necropsy, …
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Drum, 1972, Hepatic scintigraphy in clinical decision making, J Nucl Med, 13, 908
Cited by
Saito, T., & Rehmsmeier, M. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118432 · Cited by 5,309
Statistics Notes: Diagnostic tests 2: predictive values
Altman, D. G., & Bland, J. M. (1994) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6947.102 · Cited by 1,711
Self-citationDiagnostic tests 4: likelihood ratios
Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.329.7458.168 · Cited by 1,600
Self-citationZhang, W., Doherty, M., Leeb, B. F., Alekseeva, L., Arden, N. K., Bijlsma, J. W., Dinçer, F., Dziedzic, K., Häuselmann, H. J., Herrero-Beaumont, G., et al. (2007) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.2006.062091 · Cited by 1,338
Problematic social media use: Results from a large-scale nationally representative adolescent sample
Bányai, F., Zsila, Á., Király, O., Maraz, A., Elekes, Z., Griffiths, M. D., Andreassen, C. S., & Demetrovics, Z. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169839 · Cited by 984
eD octor: machine learning and the future of medicine
Handelman, G. S., Kok, H. K., Chandra, R. V., Razavi, A. H., Lee, M. J., & Asadi, H. (2018) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.12822 · Cited by 956
Sensitivity and specificity of information criteria
(2019) · doi:10.1093/bib/bbz016 · Cited by 718
Lanman, R. B., Mortimer, S. A., Zill, O. A., Sebisanovic, D., Lopez, R., Blau, S., Collisson, E. A., Divers, S. G., Hoon, D. S. B., Kopetz, E. S., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140712 · Cited by 695
“Contingency tables were constructed to calculate sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy gene-by-gene as well as for the whole 54-gene panel and confidence intervals by standard methods [80,81].”
MethodChen, X., Lu, B., & Yan, C. (2018) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23843 · Cited by 340
Eusebi, P. (2013) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000353863 · Cited by 316
The development of the Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (PPCS)
Bőthe, B., Tóth-Király, I., Zsila, Á., Griffiths, M. D., Demetrovics, Z., & Orosz, G. (2018) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1291798 · Cited by 317
Cell-free DNA next-generation sequencing in pancreatobiliary carcinomas
Zill, O. A., Greene, C., Sebisanovic, D., Siew, L. M., Leng, J., Vu, M., Hendifar, A. E., Wang, Z., Atreya, C. E., Kelley, R. K., et al. (2015) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0274 · Cited by 282
The Development of the Problematic Online Gaming Questionnaire (POGQ)
Demetrovics, Z., Urbán, R., Nagygyörgy, K., Farkas, J., Griffiths, M. D., Pápay, O., Kökönyei, G., Felvinczi, K., & Oláh, A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036417 · Cited by 218
“The sensitivity (i.e., the proportion of true positives belonging to the most problematic group based on LPA) and specificity (i.e., the proportion of true negatives) was defined as suggested by Altman and Bland [26] and Glaros and Kline [27].”
MethodMonticello, T. M., Jones, T. W., Dambach, D. M., Potter, D. M., Bolt, M. W., Liu, M., Keller, D. A., Hart, T. K., & Kadambi, V. J. (2017) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2017.09.006 · Cited by 186
Bőthe, B., Potenza, M. N., Griffiths, M. D., Kraus, S. W., Klein, V., Fuss, J., & Demetrovics, Z. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2020.00034 · Cited by 175
Gates, A., Johnson, C., & Hartling, L. (2018) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-018-0707-8 · Cited by 148
A survey of validity and utility of electronic patient records in a general practice
Hassey, A., Gerrett, D., & Wilson, A. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7299.1401 · Cited by 151
HPA axis hyperactivity and attempted suicide in young adult mood disorder inpatients
Jokinen, J., & Nordström, P. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.10.015 · Cited by 143
HPA axis hyperactivity and cardiovascular mortality in mood disorder inpatients
Jokinen, J., & Nordström, P. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.10.025 · Cited by 119
Sopic, D., Aminifar, A., Aminifar, A., & Atienza, D. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2018.2848477 · Cited by 97
Prediction of incident vertebral fracture using CT-based finite element analysis
Allaire, B. T., Lu, D., Johannesdottir, F., Kopperdahl, D., Keaveny, T. M., Jarraya, M., Guermazi, A., Bredella, M. A., Samelson, E. J., Kiel, D. P., et al. (2019) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-018-4716-1 · Cited by 95
Corey, K. E., Pitts, R., Lai, M., Loureiro, J., Masia, R., Osganian, S. A., Gustafson, J. L., Hutter, M. M., Gee, D. W., Meireles, O. R., et al. (2022) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2021.09.026 · Cited by 88
The effect of obesity on glycaemic response to metformin or sulphonylureas in Type 2 diabetes
Donnelly, L. A., Doney, A. S. F., Hattersley, A. T., Morris, A. D., & Pearson, E. R. (2006) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01755.x · Cited by 88
Lloyd, G. R., Orr, L. E., Christie-Brown, J., McCarthy, K., Rose, S., Thomas, M., & Stone, N. (2013) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/c2an36579k · Cited by 83
Robledo, S., Grisales Aguirre, A. M., Hughes, M., & Eggers, F. (2023) · Journal of Small Business Management · doi:10.1080/00472778.2021.1955125 · Cited by 80
Prognostication and risk factors for cystic fibrosis via automated machine learning
Alaa, A. M., & van der Schaar, M. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-29523-2 · Cited by 80
Ewart, L., Aylott, M., Deurinck, M., Engwall, M., Gallacher, D. J., Geys, H., Jarvis, P., Ju, H., Leishman, D., Leong, L., et al. (2014) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfu198 · Cited by 77
Fernandes-Taylor, S., Hyun, J. K., Reeder, R. N., & Harris, A. H. (2011) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-4-304 · Cited by 75
Liang, Z., & Chapa-Martell, M. A. (2019) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/13384 · Cited by 76
Screening for Autism in Infants and Preschool Children with Developmental Delay
Gray, K. M., & Tonge, B. J. (2005) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01585.x · Cited by 64
Alaghbari, K. A., Md. Saad, M. H., Hussain, A., & Alam, M. R. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3157726 · Cited by 61
Jokinen, J., Nordström, A.-L., & Nordström, P. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.06.008 · Cited by 45
King, D. A., Hume, P. A., Gissane, C., & Clark, T. N. (2016) · Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics · doi:10.3171/2015.12.peds15605 · Cited by 43
Tsuang, D., Larson, E. B., Bowen, J., McCormick, W., Teri, L., Nochlin, D., Leverenz, J. B., Peskind, E. R., Lim, A., Raskind, M. A., et al. (1999) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.56.12.1489 · Cited by 42
Scientific fraud in 20 falsified anesthesia papers: Detection using financial auditing methods
Hein, J., Zobrist, R., Konrad, C., & Schuepfer, G. (2012) · Der Anaesthesist · doi:10.1007/s00101-012-2029-x · Cited by 25
Performance of the OptiMAL® dipstick in the diagnosis of malaria infection in pregnancy
Tagbor, H. (2008) · Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management · doi:10.2147/tcrm.s2809 · Cited by 24
Recognizing age-separated face images: humans and machines
Yadav, D., Singh, R., Vatsa, M., & Noore, A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112234 · Cited by 22
A comprehensive review of AI-Based detection of Arrhythmia using Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Ayyub, A., Politis, C., & Usman, M. A. (2025) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.110594 · Cited by 18
Medical multimodal large language models: A systematic review
Hu, Y., Xu, C., Lin, B., Yang, W., & Tang, Y. Y. (2025) · Intelligent Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.intonc.2025.09.005 · Cited by 14
StackGlyEmbed: prediction of N-linked glycosylation sites using protein language models
Nafi, M. M. I., & Rahman, M. S. (2024) · Bioinformatics Advances · doi:10.1093/bioadv/vbaf146 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Altman, D. G., & Bland, J. M.
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1994-06-11
- Volume
- 308
- Issue
- 6943
- Pages
- 1552
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- OpenAlex
- W1644997609
- Cited by
- 2,061
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 7.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- Licence
- www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.