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Cited by 305Nutritional Studies and DietAgriculture Sustainability and Environmental ImpactNutrition, Health and Food Behavior

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Dietary habits and mortality in 11,000 vegetarians and health conscious people: results of a 17 year follow up

Open access
Key, Timothy J A, Thorogood, Margaret, Appleby, Paul N, Burr, Michael L·1996·BMJ
DOI 10.1136/bmj.313.7060.775PMC PMC2352199
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Abstract

Abstract Objective : To investigate the association of dietary habits with mortality in a cohort of vegetarians and other health conscious people. Design : Observational study. Setting : United Kingdom. Subjects : 4336 men and 6435 women recruited through health food shops, vegetarian societies, and magazines. Main outcome measures : Mortality ratios for vegetarianism and for daily versus less than daily consumption of wholemeal bread, bran cereals, nuts or dried fruit, fresh fruit, and raw salad in relation to all cause mortality and mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, all malignant neoplasms, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer. Results : 2064 (19%) subjects smoked, 4627 (43%) were vegetarian, 6699 (62%) ate wholemeal bread daily, 2948 (27%) ate bran cereals daily, 4091 (38%) ate nuts or dried fruit daily, 8304 (77%) ate fresh fruit daily, and 4105 (38%) ate raw salad daily. After a mean of 16.8 years follow up there were 1343 deaths before age 80. Overall the cohort had a mortality about half that of the general population. Within the cohort, daily consumption of fresh fruit was associated with significantly reduced mortality from ischaemic heart disease (rate ratio adjusted for smoking 0.76 (95% confidence interval 0.60 to 0.97)), cerebrovascular disease (0.68 (0.47 to 0.98)), and for all causes combined (0.79 (0.70 to 0.90)). Conclusions : In this cohort of health conscious individuals, daily consumption of fresh fruit is associated with a reduced mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and all causes combined. Key messages This study examined dietary factors associated with mortality among 11 000 health conscious people followed for an average of 17 years. After smoking was adjusted for, daily consumption of fresh fruit was associated with a 24% reduction in mortality from ischaemic heart disease, a 32% reduction in mortality from cerebrovascular disease, and a 21% reduction in all cause mortality compared with less frequent consumption.

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Crossref · 10.1136/bmj.313.7060.775

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Metadata

Authors
Key, T. J. A., Thorogood, M., Appleby, P. N., & Burr, M. L.
Affiliations
  • University of Oxford (GB)
  • London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
  • University of Wales (GB)
ORCID
Key, Timothy J A
Venue
BMJ
Publisher
BMJ
Published
1996-09-28
Volume
313
Issue
7060
Pages
775-779
ISSN
  • 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
  • 0959-8138
  • 1468-5833
DOI
10.1136/bmj.313.7060.775
PMC
PMC2352199
OpenAlex
W1972485524
Cited by
305
References
29
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 12
FWCI
25.67
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
Locations
  • BMJ (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Medical Research Council
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Keywords
vegetarian diet, dietary habits, mortality, fresh fruit consumption, whole grain bread, ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, cancer mortality, smoking
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Body Weight, Bread, Cause of Death, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Feeding Behavior, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Fruit, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Smoking, Vegetables, Diet, Vegetarian, Cohort Studies, Health Behavior, Myocardial Ischemia

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