Statistics Notes: Detecting skewness from summary information: Table 1
Open accessAbstract
The measurement of airway resistance by the interrupter technique (Rint) needs standardization. Should measurements be made be during the expiratory or inspiratory phase of tidal breathing? In reported studies, the measurement of Rint has been calculated as the median or mean of a small number of values, is there an important difference? Subjects were 2.5–5.0 yrs (median 4.0 yrs) who had previous respiratory symptoms. The Rint in expiration (RintE) and inspiration (RintI) pre and postsalbutamol, the coefficient of variation (CV) of values contributing to measurements, and bronchodilator responsiveness (BDR) in both phases were compared. Measurements using median and mean were compared. RintE was higher than RintI by 4% (p<0.01). The CV of values making up RintE and RintI, and BDR measured in expiration and inspiration were similar. The median difference between means and medians of values making up measurements was 0.6% (range −6–11%). RintE has been shown to be consistently greater then RintI but the difference in this study is small. It is suggested that one or the other is chosen as the standard. In the present data the mean of a set of values contributing to a measurement was not significantly different from the median. However, the use of the median has been recommended since it is less affected by possible outlying values such as might be included by fully automated equipment.
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When a scale starts from the finite number zero, a standard deviation multiplied by two that is less than the mean indicates that the mean is unlikely to be an appropriate measure of the centre of the distribution.
“when a scale starts from the finite number zero, the standard deviation, when multiplied by two, is less than the mean (as otherwise the mean is unlikely to be an appropriate measure of the centre of the distribution (Altman 1996)”
From Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders. (2017) · cites this paper as Altman 1996
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“…when multiplied by two, was more than the mean (as otherwise the mean is unlikely to be an appropriate measure of the centre of the distribution, Altman 1996). b) If a scale started from a positive value (such as PANSS which can have values from 30 to 210) the calculation described above was…”
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“than twice the standard deviation), indicating that the mean reported is not a good indicator of the centre of the distribution [115].”
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“When only the standard error, t-statistics, or P values were reported, we calculated standard deviations according to Altman (Altman 1996).”
MethodThioridazine for schizophrenia
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“The standard deviation multiplied by two should be less than the mean, otherwise the mean does not represent the center of the distribution for a scale starting at zero (Altman and Bland, 1996).”
BackgroundCan stand‐alone computer‐based interventions reduce alcohol consumption? A systematic review
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“61,88 The skew ratio of each immune parameter for patients and controls was determined using the following calculation: lowest possible value for each parameter subtracted from observed mean, divided by standard deviation.”
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Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents
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Oral paliperidone for schizophrenia
Nussbaum, A. M., & Stroup, T. S. (2008) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006369.pub2 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Depot perphenazine decanoate and enanthate for schizophrenia
David, A. S., Quraishi, S. N., & Rathbone, J. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001717.pub2 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Depot fluphenazine decanoate and enanthate for schizophrenia
David, A. S., Adams, C. E., Eisenbruch, M., Quraishi, S. N., & Rathbone, J. (2003) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000307 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Quetiapine versus typical antipsychotic medications for schizophrenia
Suttajit, S., Srisurapanont, M., Xia, J., Suttajit, S., Maneeton, B., & Maneeton, N. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007815.pub2 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses
Rathbone, J., & McMonagle, T. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001949.pub2 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Escitalopram versus other antidepressive agents for depression
Cipriani, A., Santilli, C., Furukawa, T. A., Signoretti, A., Nakagawa, A., McGuire, H., Churchill, R., & Barbui, C. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006532.pub2 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Carbamazepine for schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychoses
Leucht, S., McGrath, J. J., White, P., & Kissling, W. (2002) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001258 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Zuclopenthixol acetate in the treatment of acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses
Fenton, M., Coutinho, E., & Campbell, C. (2001) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000525 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Xia, J., Helfer, B., Li, C., & Leucht, S. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004028.pub4 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Zuclopenthixol decanoate for schizophrenia and other serious mental illnesses
Coutinho, E. S. F., Fenton, M., & Quraishi, S. N. (1999) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001164 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Molindone for schizophrenia and severe mental illness
Bagnall, A., Fenton, M., Kleijnen, J., & Lewis, R. A. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002083.pub2 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Supported employment for adults with severe mental illness
Kinoshita, Y., Furukawa, T. A., Omori, I. M., Watanabe, N., Marshall, M., Bond, G. R., Huxley, P. J., & Kingdon, D. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008297 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Clozapine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia
Lobos, C. A., Komossa, K., Rummel‐Kluge, C., Hunger, H., Schmid, F., Schwarz, S., & Leucht, S. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006633.pub2 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Chlorpromazine dose for people with schizophrenia
Liu, X., & Haan, S. D. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007778 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
- Authors
- Altman, D. G., & Bland, J. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- ORCID
- Altman, Douglas G
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1996-11-09
- Volume
- 313
- Issue
- 7066
- Pages
- 1200.1
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC2352469
- OpenAlex
- W1591259115
- Cited by
- 1,278
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 79 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 87
- FWCI
- 5.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Asthma and respiratory diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Keywords
- airway resistance, interrupter technique, coefficient of variation, bronchodilator responsiveness, salbutamol, pediatric respiratory symptoms, measurement standardization, skewness
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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