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Cited by 260Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumGrief, Bereavement, and Mental HealthMaternal and Neonatal Healthcare

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Stillbirth as risk factor for depression and anxiety in the subsequent pregnancy: cohort study

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Hughes, P M, Turton, P, Evans, C D H·1999·BMJ
DOI 10.1136/bmj.318.7200.1721PMC PMC31099
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To assess women's symptoms of depression and anxiety during pregnancy and the postpartum year in the pregnancy after stillbirth; to assess relevance of time since loss. DESIGN: Cohort study with four assessments: in third trimester and 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months after birth. SETTING: Outpatient departments of three district general hospitals; subjects' homes. SUBJECTS: 60 women whose previous pregnancy ended in stillbirth after 18 weeks' gestation; 60 matched controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Depression and anxiety measured by Edinburgh postnatal depression scale, Beck depression inventory, and Spielberger state-trait anxiety scale. RESULTS: In the third trimester women whose previous pregnancy had ended in stillbirth were significantly more depressed than control women (10.8 v 8.2; P=0.004) and had greater state anxiety (39.8 v 32. 8, P=0.003) The difference was accounted for by those women who conceived less than 12 months after the stillbirth, who were also more depressed at 1 year. Results in those who conceived 12 months or more after stillbirth were similar to those in their controls at all points and showed lower trait anxiety 1 year post partum. One year after the birth 8% of control women and 19% of subjects scored high for depression (P=0.39), with most of the depression among the more recently bereaved (28% v 11%; P=0.18). In the women who had experienced stillbirth, depression in the third trimester was highly predictive of depression 1 year after subsequent birth (P</=0.0005). CONCLUSION: Vulnerability to depression and anxiety in the next pregnancy and puerperium is related to time since stillbirth, with more recently bereaved women at significantly greater risk than controls. As there are problems for mother and infant associated with high anxiety and depression during and after pregnancy, there may be advantage in waiting 12 months before the next conception.

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Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. [16]16. Sroufe LA. Infant-caregiver attachment and patterns of adaptation in pre-school: the roots of maladaptation and competence. In: Perlmutter M, ed. Minnesota symposium in child psychology. Vol 6. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1983:41-81.
  2. [17]17. Cox J, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression: devel- opment of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. Br J Psych 1987;150:782-6.
  3. [20]20. Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene R. Test for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1970.

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Metadata

Authors
Hughes, P. M., Turton, P., & Evans, C. D. H.
Affiliations
  • St George's Hospital (GB)
  • The Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
Corresponding author
Hughes, P M
ORCID
Evans, C D H
Venue
BMJ
Publisher
BMJ
Published
1999-06-26
Volume
318
Issue
7200
Pages
1721-1724
ISSN
  • 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
  • 0959-8138
  • 1468-5833
DOI
10.1136/bmj.318.7200.1721
PMC
PMC31099
OpenAlex
W2002981528
Cited by
260
References
21
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
FWCI
8.73
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • BMJ (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
Keywords
stillbirth, postpartum depression, anxiety, bereavement, postpartum period, third trimester, miscarriage
MeSH terms
Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Fetal Death, Humans, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimester, Third, Prenatal Care, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies

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