The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Stillbirth as risk factor for depression and anxiety in the subsequent pregnancy: cohort study
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess women's symptoms of depression and anxiety during pregnancy and the postpartum year in the pregnancy after stillbirth; to assess relevance of time since loss. DESIGN: Cohort study with four assessments: in third trimester and 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months after birth. SETTING: Outpatient departments of three district general hospitals; subjects' homes. SUBJECTS: 60 women whose previous pregnancy ended in stillbirth after 18 weeks' gestation; 60 matched controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Depression and anxiety measured by Edinburgh postnatal depression scale, Beck depression inventory, and Spielberger state-trait anxiety scale. RESULTS: In the third trimester women whose previous pregnancy had ended in stillbirth were significantly more depressed than control women (10.8 v 8.2; P=0.004) and had greater state anxiety (39.8 v 32. 8, P=0.003) The difference was accounted for by those women who conceived less than 12 months after the stillbirth, who were also more depressed at 1 year. Results in those who conceived 12 months or more after stillbirth were similar to those in their controls at all points and showed lower trait anxiety 1 year post partum. One year after the birth 8% of control women and 19% of subjects scored high for depression (P=0.39), with most of the depression among the more recently bereaved (28% v 11%; P=0.18). In the women who had experienced stillbirth, depression in the third trimester was highly predictive of depression 1 year after subsequent birth (P</=0.0005). CONCLUSION: Vulnerability to depression and anxiety in the next pregnancy and puerperium is related to time since stillbirth, with more recently bereaved women at significantly greater risk than controls. As there are problems for mother and infant associated with high anxiety and depression during and after pregnancy, there may be advantage in waiting 12 months before the next conception.
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“Prenatal loss, the death of a fetus/child through miscarriage or stillbirth, is associated with significant depression and anxiety, particularly in a subsequent pregnancy.”
From Previous prenatal loss as a predictor of perinatal depression and anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Stillbirth is one of the most devastating losses a parent can experience”
From Silent loss and the clinical encounter: Parents’ and physicians’ experiences of stillbirth–a qualitative analysis (2012) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“it is a high-risk indicator for post-traumatic stress and depression in mothers and in couples [5-9]”
From Silent loss and the clinical encounter: Parents’ and physicians’ experiences of stillbirth–a qualitative analysis (2012) · cites this paper as [5]
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Cites
An inventory for measuring depression
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Selective Cortical Undercutting As a Means of Modifying and Studying Frontal Lobe Function in Man
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Burden, C., Bradley, S., Storey, C., Ellis, A., Heazell, A. E. P., Downe, S., Cacciatore, J., & Siassakos, D. (2016) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-016-0800-8 · Cited by 445
Experiences of Fears Associated with Pregnancy and Childbirth: A Study of 329 Pregnant Women
Hanna‐Leena Melender, R. (2002) · Birth · doi:10.1046/j.1523-536x.2002.00170.x · Cited by 399
Hughes, P., Turton, P., Hopper, E., & Evans, C. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)09410-2 · Cited by 375
Self-citationPrevious prenatal loss as a predictor of perinatal depression and anxiety
Blackmore, E. R., Côté-Arsenault, D., Tang, W., Glover, V., Evans, J., Golding, J., & O'Connor, T. G. (2011) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.083105 · Cited by 315
Turton, P., Hughes, P., Evans, C. D. H., & Fainman, D. (2001) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.178.6.556 · Cited by 254
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Hughes, P. M., Turton, P., & Evans, C. D. H.
- Affiliations
- St George's Hospital (GB)
- The Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hughes, P M
- ORCID
- Evans, C D H
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1999-06-26
- Volume
- 318
- Issue
- 7200
- Pages
- 1721-1724
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC31099
- OpenAlex
- W2002981528
- Cited by
- 260
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 8.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Keywords
- stillbirth, postpartum depression, anxiety, bereavement, postpartum period, third trimester, miscarriage
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Fetal Death, Humans, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimester, Third, Prenatal Care, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies
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