Cited by 1,509Acute Myocardial Infarction ResearchCardiac Health and Mental HealthCardiac Ischemia and Reperfusion

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

beta Blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis

Open access

Freemantle, N., Cleland, J., Young, P., Mason, J., Harrison, J.·1999·BMJ

DOI 10.1136/bmj.318.7200.1730PMC PMC31101

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of beta blockers in short term treatment for acute myocardial infarction and in longer term secondary prevention; to examine predictive factors that may influence outcome and therefore choice of drug; and to examine the clinical importance of the results in the light of current treatment. DESIGN: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials. SETTING: Randomised controlled trials. SUBJECTS: Patients with acute or past myocardial infarction. INTERVENTION: beta Blockers compared with control. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: All cause mortality and non-fatal reinfarction. RESULTS: Overall, 5477 of 54 234 patients (10.1%) randomised to beta blockers or control died. We identified a 23% reduction in the odds of death in long term trials (95% confidence interval 15% to 31%), but only a 4% reduction in the odds of death in short term trials (-8% to 15%). Meta regression in long term trials did not identify a significant reduction in effectiveness in drugs with cardioselectivity but did identify a near significant trend towards decreased benefit in drugs with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Most evidence is available for propranolol, timolol, and metoprolol. In long term trials, the number needed to treat for 2 years to avoid a death is 42, which compares favourably with other treatments for patients with acute or past myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS: beta Blockers are effective in long term secondary prevention after myocardial infarction, but they are underused in such cases and lead to avoidable mortality and morbidity.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1136/bmj.318.7200.1730

Cites

34 of 34 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Meta-analysis in clinical trials
DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 · Cited by 39,552
Untitled work
Schulz (1995) · doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520290060030 · Cited by 5,634
COLLABORATIVE OVERVIEW OF RANDOMIZED TRIALS OF ANTIPLATELET THERAPY .1. PREVENTION OF DEATH, MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION, AND STROKE BY PROLONGED ANTIPLATELET THERAPY IN VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF PATIENTS
Altman, R., Carreras, L., Díaz, R. S., Figueroa, E. B., Paolasso, E., Parodi, J. C., Cade, J. F., Donnan, G. A., Eadie, M. J., Gavaghan, T. P., et al. (1994) · Cited by 3,322
Beta blockade during and after myocardial infarction: An overview of the randomized trials
Yusuf, S., Peto, R., Lewis, J., Collins, R., & Sleight, P. (1985) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/s0033-0620(85)80003-7 · Cited by 3,205
Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group.
Sleight, R. B., Sleight, P., Parish, S., Appleby, P. N., Collins, R., & Baigent, C. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 2,868
Comparison of Invasive and Conservative Strategies after Treatment with Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Acute Myocardial Infarction
The TIMI Study Group* (1989) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198903093201002 · Cited by 1,024
Effect of Beta-Blockade on Mortality among High-Risk and Low-Risk Patients after Myocardial Infarction
Gottlieb, S. S., McCarter, R., & Vogel, R. A. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199808203390801 · Cited by 966
The Effect of Diltiazem on Mortality and Reinfarction after Myocardial Infarction
The Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Trial Research Group (1988) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198808183190701 · Cited by 828
Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy--I: Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration.
(1994) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 755
The Effect of Warfarin on Mortality and Reinfarction after Myocardial Infarction
Smith, P., Arnesen, H., & Holme, I. (1990) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199007193230302 · Cited by 637

Show all 34 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

Viskin S, Barron HV. -Blockers prevent cardiac death following myocar- dial infarction: so why are so many infarct survivors discharge without -blockers? Am J Cardiol 1996;78:821-2.
Spiegelhalter D, Thomas A, Best N, Gilks W. BUGS: Bayesian inference using Gibbs sampling, Version 0.50. Cambridge: Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, 1995.
Feely J, de Vane PJ, Maclean D. -Blockers and sympathomimetics. BMJ 1983;286:1043-7.

Sorted by citations

2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
Authors Task Force Members, Mancia, G., Fagard, R., Narkiewicz, K., Redon, J., Zanchetti, A., Böhm, M., Christiaens, T., Cífková, R., Backer, G. D., et al. (2013) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht151 · Cited by 13,739
2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation
Ibanez, B., James, S., Agewall, S., Antunes, M. J., Bucciarelli-Ducci, C., Bueno, H., Caforio, A. L. P., Crea, F., Goudevenos, J. A., Halvorsen, S., et al. (2018) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx393 · Cited by 9,728
European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012)
Authors/Task Force Members:, Perk, J., De Backer, G., Gohlke, H., Graham, I., Reiner, Ž., Verschuren, M., Albus, C., Benlian, P., Boysen, G., et al. (2012) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs092 · Cited by 8,490
2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines
Whelton, P. K., Carey, R. M., Aronow, W. S., Casey, D. E., Collins, K. J., Dennison Himmelfarb, C., DePalma, S. M., Gidding, S., Jamerson, K. A., Jones, D. W., et al. (2018) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hyp.0000000000000065 · Cited by 7,391
2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes
Knuuti, J., Wijns, W., Saraste, A., Capodanno, D., Barbato, E., Funck-Brentano, C., Prescott, E., Storey, R. F., Deaton, C., Cuisset, T., et al. (2020) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425 · Cited by 7,166
2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults
Whelton, P. K., Carey, R. M., Aronow, W. S., Casey, D. E., Collins, K. J., Dennison Himmelfarb, C., DePalma, S. M., Gidding, S., Jamerson, K. A., Jones, D. W., et al. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.006 · Cited by 6,616
2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension
Mancia, G., Backer, G. D., Dominiczak, A. F., Cífková, R., Fagard, R. H., Germanò, G., Grassi, G. M., Heagerty, A. M., Kjeldsen, S. E., Laurent, S., et al. (2007) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e3281fc975a · Cited by 5,870
2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)
Mancia, G., Fagard, R., Narkiewicz, K., Redón, J., Zanchetti, A., Böhm, M., Christiaens, T., Cifkova, R., De Backer, G., Dominiczak, A., et al. (2013) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000431740.32696.cc · Cited by 5,655
2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes
Byrne, R. A., Rossello, X., Coughlan, J. J., Barbato, E., Berry, C., Chieffo, A., Claeys, M. J., Dan, G.-A., Dweck, M. R., Galbraith, M., et al. (2023) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad191 · Cited by 5,333
2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
O’Gara, P. T., Kushner, F. G., Ascheim, D. D., Casey, D. E., Chung, M. K., de Lemos, J. A., Ettinger, S. M., Fang, J. C.-T., Fesmire, F. M., Franklin, B. A., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e3182742cf6 · Cited by 4,802
2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines
Whelton, P. K., Carey, R. M., Aronow, W. S., Casey, D. E., Collins, K. J., Dennison Himmelfarb, C., DePalma, S. M., Gidding, S., Jamerson, K. A., Jones, D. W., et al. (2018) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hyp.0000000000000066 · Cited by 4,347
European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary
Graham, I., Atar, D., Borch‐Johnsen, K., Boysen, G., Burell, G. K., Cífková, R., Dallongeville, J., Backer, G. D., Ebrahim, S. B. J., Gjelsvik, B., et al. (2007) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehm316 · Cited by 3,865
2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Non–ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes
Amsterdam, E. A., Wenger, N. K., Brindis, R. G., Casey, D. E., Ganiats, T. G., Holmes, D. R., Jaffe, A. S., Jneid, H., Kelly, R. F., Kontos, M. C., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.09.017 · Cited by 3,595
How should meta‐regression analyses be undertaken and interpreted?
Thompson, S. G., & Higgins, J. P. T. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1187 · Cited by 3,026
“Freemantle et al report a systematic review of 31 clinical trials of the long-term use of betablockers after myocardial infarction (Table 1).(30) The review aims to determine the effect on mortality of beta-blockers overall , and makes use of meta-regressions to address secondary clinical questions mainly relating to…”
Background
2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of chronic coronary syndromes
Vrints, C. J., Andreotti, F., Koskinas, K. C., Rosselló, X., Adamo, M., Ainslie, J., BANNING, A. P., Budaj, A., Buechel, R. R., Chiariello, G. A., et al. (2024) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae177 · Cited by 3,521
2003 World Health Organization (WHO)/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension
World Health Organization, I. S. O. H. W. G. (2003) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-200311000-00002 · Cited by 2,667
2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
O'Gara, P. T., Kushner, F. G., Ascheim, D. D., Casey, D. E., Chung, M. K., de Lemos, J. A., Ettinger, S. M., Fang, J. C., Fesmire, F. M., Franklin, B. A., et al. (2013) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.11.019 · Cited by 2,625
2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients With Stable Ischemic Heart Disease: Executive Summary
Fihn, S. D., Gardin, J. M., Abrams, J., Berra, K., Blankenship, J. C., Dallas, A. P., Douglas, P. S., Foody, J. M., Gerber, T. C., Hinderliter, A. L., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e3182776f83 · Cited by 2,419
2007 Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
Mancia, G., Backer, G. D., Dominiczak, A. F., Cifkova, R., Fagard, R., Germano, G., Grassi, G. M., Heagerty, A. M., Kjeldsen, S. E., Laurent, S., et al. (2007) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehm236 · Cited by 2,410
Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with persistent ST-segment elevation
Authors Task Force Members, de Werf, F. V., Bax, J. J., Betriu, A., Blomström‐Lundqvist, C., Crea, F., Falk, V., Filippatos, G. S., Fox, K. A. A., Huber, K., et al. (2008) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn416 · Cited by 2,309
2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Executive Summary
O’Gara, P. T., Kushner, F. G., Ascheim, D. D., Casey, D. E., Chung, M. K., de Lemos, J. A., Ettinger, S. M., Fang, J. C.-T., Fesmire, F. M., Franklin, B. A., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e3182742c84 · Cited by 2,289
Association of systolic blood pressure with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 36): prospective observational study
Adler, A. I. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7258.412 · Cited by 2,133
The Effectiveness of Mobile-Health Technology-Based Health Behaviour Change or Disease Management Interventions for Health Care Consumers: A Systematic Review
Free, C., Phillips, G., Galli, L., Watson, L., Felix, L., Edwards, P., Patel, V., & Haines, A. (2013) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001362 · Cited by 1,766
“In patients with existing coronary heart disease long term anti-platelet therapy reduces major vascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, or vascular mortality) by about a quarter [5], ACE inhibitors reduce cardiovascular mortality by just under a fifth [6], beta blockers reduce mortality by almost a quarter [7],…”
ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non–ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Anderson, J. L., Adams, C. D., Antman, E. M., Bridges, C. R., Califf, R. M., Casey, D. E., Chavey, W. E., Fesmire, F. M., Hochman, J. S., Levin, T. N., et al. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.181940 · Cited by 1,972
2014 ACC/AHA Guideline on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Management of Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery
Fleisher, L. A., Fleischmann, K. E., Auerbach, A. D., Barnason, S. A., Beckman, J. A., Bozkurt, B., Dávila‐Román, V. G., Gerhard‐Herman, M. D., Holly, T. A., Kane, G. C., et al. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000106 · Cited by 1,839
2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Executive Summary
O’Gara, P. T., Kushner, F. G., Ascheim, D. D., Casey, D. E., Chung, M. K., de Lemos, J. A., Ettinger, S. M., Fang, J. C.-T., Fesmire, F. M., Franklin, B. A., et al. (2012) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.11.018 · Cited by 1,777
AHA/ACCF Secondary Prevention and Risk Reduction Therapy for Patients With Coronary and Other Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: 2011 Update: A Guideline From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation
Smith, S. C., Benjamin, E. J., Bonow, R. O., Braun, L. T., Creager, M. A., Franklin, B. A., Gibbons, R. J., Grundy, S. M., Hiratzka, L. F., Jones, D. W., et al. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e318235eb4d · Cited by 1,759
Untitled work
Graham (2007) · doi:10.1097/01.hjr.0000277983.23934.c9 · Cited by 1,647
Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases: executive summary
Rydén, L., Standl, E., Bartnik, M., den Berghe, G. V., Betteridge, J. D., de Boer, M., Cosentino, F., Jönsson, B., Laakso, M., Malmberg, K., et al. (2007) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl260 · Cited by 1,644
2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline for the management of patients with chronic coronary disease: a report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology joint committee on clinical practice guidelines
Virani, S. S., Newby, L. K., Arnold, S. V., Bittner, V., Brewer, L. C., Demeter, S. H., Dixon, D. L., Fearon, W. F., Hess, B., Johnson, H. M., et al. (2023) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001168 · Cited by 1,598
2007 Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Antman, E. M., Hand, M. M., Armstrong, P. W., Bates, E., Green, L. A., Halasyamani, L. K., Hochman, J. S., Krumholz, H. M., Lamas, G. A., Mullany, C. J., et al. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.188209 · Cited by 1,553
2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients With Stable Ischemic Heart Disease
Fihn, S. D., Gardin, J. M., Abrams, J., Berra, K., Blankenship, J. C., Dallas, A. P., Douglas, P. S., Foody, J. M., Gerber, T. C., Hinderliter, A. L., et al. (2012) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.07.013 · Cited by 1,583
ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non–ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Anderson, J. L., Adams, C. D., Antman, E. M., Bridges, C. R., Califf, R. M., Casey, D. E., Chavey, W. E., Fesmire, F. M., Hochman, J. S., Levin, T. N., et al. (2007) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.013 · Cited by 1,506
Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomised trial
(2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04560-8 · Cited by 1,837
Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation
de Werf, F. V. (2003) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/s0195-668x(02)00618-8 · Cited by 1,442
2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice
Authors/Task Force Members, Piepoli, M. F., Hoes, A. W., Agewall, S., Albus, C., Brotons, C., Catapano, A. L., Cooney, M. T., Corrà, U., Cosyns, B., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487316653709 · Cited by 1,435
2014 ACC/AHA Guideline on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Management of Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery
Fleisher, L. A., Fleischmann, K. E., Auerbach, A. D., Barnason, S. A., Beckman, J. A., Bozkurt, B., Dávila‐Román, V. G., Gerhard‐Herman, M. D., Holly, T. A., Kane, G. C., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.07.944 · Cited by 1,337
2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Non–ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: Executive Summary
Amsterdam, E. A., WENGER, N. K., Brindis, R. G., Casey, D. E., Ganiats, T. G., Holmes, D. R., Jaffe, A. S., Jneid, H. M., Kelly, R. F., Kontos, M. C., et al. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000133 · Cited by 1,266
JBS 2: Joint British Societies' guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice
Prepared, B. (2005) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.2005.079988 · Cited by 1,223
2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines
Whelton, P. K., Carey, R. M., Aronow, W. S., Casey, D. E., Collins, K. J., Dennison Himmelfarb, C., DePalma, S. M., Gidding, S., Jamerson, K. A., Jones, D. W., et al. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000596 · Cited by 1,127
Mortality Risk Reduction Associated With Smoking Cessation in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease
Critchley, J., & Capewell, S. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.1.86 · Cited by 1,086
2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Non–ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines
Amsterdam, E. A., Wenger, N. K., Brindis, R. G., Casey, D. E., Ganiats, T. G., Holmes, D. R., Jaffe, A. S., Jneid, H., Kelly, R. F., Kontos, M. C., et al. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000134 · Cited by 1,059
Should β blockers remain first choice in the treatment of primary hypertension? A meta-analysis
Lindholm, L. H., Carlberg, B., & Samuelsson, O. G. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67573-3 · Cited by 990
2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines
Whelton, P. K., Carey, R. M., Aronow, W. S., Casey, D. E., Collins, K. J., Himmelfarb, C. D., DePalma, S. M., Gidding, S. S., Jamerson, K., Jones, D. W., et al. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000597 · Cited by 1,005
“, 1999 (147) 10381708 Aim: To evaluate BBs effectiveness for short-term treatment and long-term 2° prevention in acute MI.”
Relationship between adherence to evidence-based pharmacotherapy and long-term mortality after acute myocardial infarction
Rasmussen, J. N., Chong, A., & Alter, D. A. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.297.2.177 · Cited by 975
“CLINICAL TRIALS HAVE DEMONstrated that selected pharmacotherapies reduce cardiovascular mortality.(1,2) However, their projected survival impact in the real world is less known, in part because of variations in drug adherence.”
BackgroundResult
2012 ACCF/AHA Focused Update Incorporated Into the ACCF/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non–ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Anderson, J. L., Adams, C. D., Antman, E. M., Bridges, C. R., Califf, R. M., Casey, D. E., Chavey, W. E., Fesmire, F. M., Hochman, J. S., Levin, T. N., et al. (2013) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.01.014 · Cited by 968
Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45 852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial
‡ (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67661-1 · Cited by 949
2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: Executive Summary
Whelton, P. K., Carey, R. M., Aronow, W. S., Casey, D. E., Collins, K. J., Himmelfarb, C. D., DePalma, S. M., Gidding, S. S., Jamerson, K., Jones, D. W., et al. (2018) · Journal of the American Society of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.jash.2018.06.010 · Cited by 948
2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: Executive Summary
Whelton, P. K., Carey, R. M., Aronow, W. S., Casey, D. E., Collins, K. J., Himmelfarb, C. D., DePalma, S. M., Gidding, S. S., Jamerson, K., Jones, D. W., et al. (2017) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.005 · Cited by 947
Evidence-Based Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Women
Mosca, L. J., Appel, L. J., Benjamin, E. J., Berra, K. A., Chandra‐Strobos, N., Fabunmi, R. P., Grady, D. G., Haan, C. K., Hayes, S. N., Judelson, D. R., et al. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000114834.85476.81 · Cited by 918
AHA/ACCF Secondary Prevention and Risk Reduction Therapy for Patients With Coronary and Other Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: 2011 Update
Smith, S. C., Benjamin, E. J., Bonow, R. O., Braun, L. T., Creager, M. A., Franklin, B. A., Gibbons, R. J., Grundy, S. M., Hiratzka, L. F., Jones, D. W., et al. (2011) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.10.824 · Cited by 918
Task Force on Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology
Priori, S. G. (2001) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1053/euhj.2001.2824 · Cited by 898
Lifestyle and risk factor management and use of drug therapies in coronary patients from 15 countries. Principal results from EUROASPIRE II Euro Heart Survey Programme
(2001) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1053/euhj.2001.2610 · Cited by 893
2007 Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Antman, E. M., Armstrong, P. W., Green, L. A., Halasyamani, L. K., Hochman, J. S., Krumholz, H. M., Lamas, G. A., Smith, S. C., Hand, M. M., Bates, E., et al. (2008) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.10.001 · Cited by 888
2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients With Stable Ischemic Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons
Fihn, S. D., Gardin, J. M., Abrams, J., Berra, K., Blankenship, J. C., Dallas, A. P., Douglas, P. S., Foody, J. M., Gerber, T. C., Hinderliter, A. L., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e318277d6a0 · Cited by 845
Cardiovascular prevention guidelines in daily practice: a comparison of EUROASPIRE I, II, and III surveys in eight European countries
Kotseva, K., Wood, D., De Backer, G., De Bacquer, D., Pyörälä, K., & Keil, U. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60330-5 · Cited by 833
2014 ACC/AHA Guideline on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Management of Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery: Executive Summary
Fleisher, L. A., Fleischmann, K. E., Auerbach, A. D., Barnason, S. A., Beckman, J. A., Bozkurt, B., Dávila‐Román, V. G., Gerhard‐Herman, M. D., Holly, T. A., Kane, G. C., et al. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000105 · Cited by 845
EUROASPIRE III: a survey on the lifestyle, risk factors and use of cardioprotective drug therapies in coronary patients from 22 European countries
Kotseva, K., Wood, D., Backer, G. D., Bacquer, D. D., Pyörälä, K., Keil, U., & EUROASPIRE Study Group (2009) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/hjr.0b013e3283294b1d · Cited by 812
2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Non–ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: Executive Summary
Amsterdam, E. A., WENGER, N. K., Brindis, R. G., Casey, D. E., Ganiats, T. G., Holmes, D. R., Jaffe, A. S., Jneid, H. M., Kelly, R. F., Kontos, M. C., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.09.016 · Cited by 782
European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: Executive summary
Graham, I. M. (2007) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.08.024 · Cited by 716
“[87] Freemantle N, Cleland J, Young P, Mason J, Harrison J.”
BackgroundInfluential
2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST‐Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines
O’Gara, P. T., Kushner, F. G., Ascheim, D. D., Casey, D. E., Chung, M. K., de Lemos, J. A., Ettinger, S. M., Fang, J. C., Fesmire, F. M., Franklin, B. A., et al. (2013) · Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions · doi:10.1002/ccd.24776 · Cited by 721
Bayesian methods in meta-analysis and evidence synthesis
Sutton, A. J., & Abrams, K. R. (2001) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/096228020101000404 · Cited by 734
European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012)
Perk, J., Backer, G. D., Gohlke, H., Graham, I. M., Reiner, Ž., Verschuren, W. M. M., Albus, C., Benlian, P., Boysen, G., Cífková, R., et al. (2012) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.05.007 · Cited by 702
Comparative effectiveness of exercise and drug interventions on mortality outcomes: metaepidemiological study
Naci, H., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f5577 · Cited by 630
Heart Failure After Myocardial Infarction: Incidence and Predictors
Jenča, D., Melenovský, V., Stehlik, J., Staněk, V., Kettner, J., Kautzner, J., Adámková, V., & Wohlfahrt, P. (2020) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ehf2.13144 · Cited by 644
“beta-blocker use reduced all-cause mortality after MI by 23%.(133) However, none of the studies specifically involved”
Background
2025 ACC/AHA/ACEP/NAEMSP/SCAI Guideline for the Management of Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines
Rao, S. V., O’Donoghue, M. L., Ruel, M., Rab, T., Tamis-Holland, J. E., Alexander, J. H., Baber, U., Baker, H., Cohen, M. G., Cruz-Ruiz, M., et al. (2025) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001309 · Cited by 625
2025 ACC/AHA/ACEP/NAEMSP/SCAI Guideline for the Management of Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes
Rao, S. V., O’Donoghue, M. L., Ruel, M., Rab, T., Tamis-Holland, J. E., Alexander, J. H., Baber, U., Baker, H., Cohen, M. G., Cruz-Ruiz, M., et al. (2025) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2024.11.009 · Cited by 668
2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Chronic Coronary Disease
Virani, S. S., Newby, L. K., Arnold, S. V., Bittner, V., Brewer, L. C., Demeter, S. H., Dixon, D. L., Fearon, W. F., Hess, B., Johnson, H. M., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.003 · Cited by 596
JCS 2018 Guideline on Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Coronary Syndrome
Kimura, K., Kimura, T., Ishihara, M., Nakagawa, Y., Nakao, K., Miyauchi, K., Sakamoto, T., Tsujita, K., Hagiwara, N., Miyazaki, S., et al. (2019) · Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/circj.cj-19-0133 · Cited by 565
Atenolol in hypertension: is it a wise choice?
Carlberg, B., Samuelsson, O., & Lindholm, L. H. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17355-8 · Cited by 562
Cardiovascular Effects of β-Agonists in Patients With Asthma and COPD
Salpeter, S. R., Ormiston, T. M., & Salpeter, E. E. (2004) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.125.6.2309 · Cited by 563
Expert consensus document on ?-adrenergic receptor blockersThe Task Force on Beta-Blockers of the European Society of Cardiology
(2004) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ehj.2004.06.002 · Cited by 557
β-Blocker Therapy and Symptoms of Depression, Fatigue, and Sexual Dysfunction
Ko, D. T. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.3.351 · Cited by 557
Efficacy and tolerability of venlafaxine compared with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and other antidepressants: A meta-analysis
Smith, D. D., Dempster, C., Glanville, J., Freemantle, N., & Anderson, I. M. (2002) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.180.5.396 · Cited by 538
Self-citation
Management of heart failure in primary care (the IMPROVEMENT of Heart Failure Programme): an international survey
Cleland, J. G. F., Solal, A. C., Aguilar, J. A. C., Dietz, R., Eastaugh, J., Folláth, F., Freemantle, N., Gavazzi, A., van Gilst, W. H., Hobbs, R. F., et al. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11601-1 · Cited by 533
Self-citation
2011 ACCF/AHA Focused Update Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non–ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Wright, R. S., Anderson, J. L., Adams, C. D., Bridges, C. R., Casey, D. E., Ettinger, S. M., Fesmire, F. M., Ganiats, T. G., Jneid, H. M., Lincoff, A. M., et al. (2011) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.02.011 · Cited by 513
Is There Evidence That Palliative Care Teams Alter End-of-Life Experiences of Patients and Their Caregivers?
Higginson, I. J., Finlay, I. G., Goodwin, D. M., Hood, K., Edwards, A., Cook, A., Douglas, H.-R., & Normand, C. E. M. (2003) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/s0885-3924(02)00599-7 · Cited by 504
Efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers in the management of left ventricular systolic dysfunction according to race, gender, and diabetic status
Shekelle, P. G., Rich, M. W., Morton, S. C., Atkinson, C. S. W., Tu, W., Maglione, M., Rhodes, S., Barrett, M., Fonarow, G. C., Greenberg, B., et al. (2003) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00262-6 · Cited by 492
A comprehensive view of sex-specific issues related to cardiovascular disease
Pilote, L., Dasgupta, K., Guru, V., Humphries, K. H., McGrath, J. J., Norris, C. M., Rabi, D. M., Tremblay, J., Alamian, A., Barnett, T. A., et al. (2007) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.051455 · Cited by 483
Post-Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure
Bahit, M. C., Kochar, A., & Granger, C. B. (2018) · JACC Heart Failure · doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2017.09.015 · Cited by 490
2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation
Ibáñez, B., James, S. K., Agewall, S., Antunes, M. J., Bucciarelli‐Ducci, C., Bueno, H., Caforio, A. L. P., Crea, F., Goudevenos, J. A., Halvorsen, S., et al. (2017) · Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rec.2017.11.010 · Cited by 479
Association Between Adoption of Evidence-Based Treatment and Survival for Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Jernberg, T. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.522 · Cited by 463
Use and misuse of process and outcome data in managing performance of acute medical care: avoiding institutional stigma.
Lilford, R., Mohammed, M. A., Spiegelhalter, D., & Thomson, R. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)15901-1 · Cited by 448
Secondary Prevention After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
Kulik, A., Ruel, M., Jneid, H. M., Ferguson, T. B., Hiratzka, L. F., Ikonomidis, J. S., López-Jiménez, F. A., McNallan, S. M., Patel, M. J., Roger, V. L., et al. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000182 · Cited by 457
Signaling effectors underlying pathologic growth and remodeling of the heart
van Berlo, J. H., Maillet, M., & Molkentin, J. D. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci62839 · Cited by 460
“…signaling pathways that have emerged more recently from mechanistic and genetic studies in animal models of cardiac remodeling that offer new treatment opportunities. cardiac remodeling associated with hypertension, postmyocardial infarction remodeling, or early stages of heart failure (27–30).”
Prescribing Amiodarone
Vassallo, P., & Trohman, R. G. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.298.11.1312 · Cited by 449
β-Blocker Use and Clinical Outcomes in Stable Outpatients With and Without Coronary Artery Disease
Bangalore, S., Steg, G., Deedwania, P., Crowley, K., Eagle, K. A., Goto, S., Ohman, E. M., Cannon, C. P., Smith, S. C., Zeymer, U., et al. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.12559 · Cited by 436
Nerve Sprouting and Sudden Cardiac Death
Cao, J., Chen, L. S., KenKnight, B. H., Ohara, T., Lee, M., Tsai, J., Lai, W. W., Karagueuzian, H. S., Wolf, P. L., Fishbein, M. C., et al. (2000) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.86.7.816 · Cited by 433
ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
Vogel, B., Claessen, B. E. P. M., Arnold, S. V., Chan, D., Cohen, D. J., Giannitsis, E., Gibson, C. M., Goto, S., Katus, H. A., Kernéis, M., et al. (2019) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0090-3 · Cited by 465
Effect of Early Metoprolol on Infarct Size in ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Ibáñez, B., Macaya, C., Sánchez-Brunete, V., Pizarro, G., Fernández‐Friera, L., Rodríguez, A. A. M., Fernández‐Ortíz, A., García-Ruiz, J. M., García‐Álvarez, A., Íñiguez, A., et al. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.003653 · Cited by 395
Differential diagnosis of elevated troponins
Korff, S., Katus, H. A., & Giannitsis, E. (2006) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.2005.071282 · Cited by 398
Cardioselective beta-blockers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Salpeter, S. R., Ormiston, T. M., & Salpeter, E. E. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003566.pub2 · Cited by 380
Principles for National and Regional Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
Smith, S. C., Jackson, R., Pearson, T. A., Fuster, V., Yusuf, S., Færgeman, O., Wood, D. A., Alderman, M. H., Horgan, J., Home, P., et al. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000133427.35111.67 · Cited by 369
Prevention of cardiovascular disease in high-risk individuals in low-income and middle-income countries: health effects and costs
Lim, S. S., Gaziano, T. A., Gakidou, E. E., Reddy, K. S., Farzadfar, F., Lozano, R., & Rodgers, A. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61699-7 · Cited by 373
Exercise training modulates cytokines activity in coronary heart disease patients
Goldhammer, E., Tanchilevitch, A., Maor, I., Beniamini, Y., Rosenschein, U., & Sagiv, M. (2005) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.08.073 · Cited by 363
“The benefits of long-term beta-blocker therapy for secondary prevention following myocardial infarction are well established [33], although the underlying mechanisms were not fully elucidated.”
Background
Translational research: understanding the continuum from bench to bedside
Drolet, B. C., & Lorenzi, N. M. (2010) · Translational research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2010.10.002 · Cited by 373
ACC/AHA Clinical Performance Measures for Adults With ST-Elevation and Non–ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Krumholz, H. M., Anderson, J. L., Brooks, N. H., Fesmire, F. M., Lambrew, C. T., Landrum, M. B., Weaver, W. D., Whyte, J. J., Bonow, R. O., Bennett, S. J., et al. (2005) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.10.020 · Cited by 361
2007 ESH‐ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
Mansia, G., Backer, G. D., Dominiczak, A. F., Cífková, R., Fagard, R. H., Germanò, G., Grassi, G. M., Heagerty, A. M., Kjeldsen, S. E., Laurent, S., et al. (2007) · Blood Pressure · doi:10.1080/08037050701461084 · Cited by 361
Evidence-Based Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Women
Mosca, L. J., Appel, L. J., Benjamin, E. J., Berra, K. A., Chandra‐Strobos, N., Fabunmi, R. P., Grady, D. G., Haan, C. K., Hayes, S. N., Judelson, D. R., et al. (2004) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000114834.85476.81 · Cited by 342
2011 ACCF/AHA Focused Update Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non–ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Anderson, J. L., Adams, C. D., Antman, E. M., Bridges, C. R., Califf, R. M., Casey, D. E., Chavey, W. E., Fesmire, F. M., Hochman, J. S., Levin, T. N., et al. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e318212bb8b · Cited by 352

Authors: Freemantle, N., Cleland, J., Young, P., Mason, J., & Harrison, J.
Affiliations: University of York (GB)
University of Hull (GB)
Corresponding author: Freemantle, N.
ORCID: Freemantle, N.
Cleland, J.
Mason, J.
Venue: BMJ
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 1999-06-26
Volume: 318
Issue: 7200
Pages: 1730-1737
ISSN: 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
0959-8138
1468-5833
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.318.7200.1730
PMC: PMC31101
OpenAlex: W2070568974
Cited by: 1,509
References: 34
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 74 · 2012: 83
FWCI: 7.55
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: BMJ (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Acute Myocardial Infarction Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Ischemia and Reperfusion
Keywords: beta-blockers, myocardial infarction, secondary prevention, all-cause mortality, reinfarction, cardioselectivity, intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, propranolol, timolol, metoprolol, number needed to treat, predictors of treatment response
MeSH terms: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, Humans, Myocardial Infarction, Regression Analysis, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

beta Blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks