Cited by 504Smoking Behavior and CessationSchool Health and Nursing EducationSubstance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes

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Effect of restrictions on smoking at home, at school, and in public places on teenage smoking: cross sectional study

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Wakefield, M. A·2000·BMJ

DOI 10.1136/bmj.321.7257.333PMC PMC27448

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relation between extent of restrictions on smoking at home, at school, and in public places and smoking uptake and smoking prevalence among school students. DESIGN: Cross sectional survey with merged records of extent of restrictions on smoking in public places. SETTING: United States. PARTICIPANTS: 17 287 high school students. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Five point scale of smoking uptake; 30 day smoking prevalence. RESULTS: More restrictive arrangements on smoking at home were associated with a greater likelihood of being in an earlier stage of smoking uptake (P<0.05) and a lower 30 day prevalence (odds ratio 0.79 (95% confidence interval 0.67 to 0.91), P<0.001). These findings applied even when parents were smokers. More pervasive restrictions on smoking in public places were associated with a higher probability of being in a earlier stage of smoking uptake (P<0.05) and lower 30 day prevalence (0.91 (0.83 to 0.99), P=0.03). School smoking bans were related to a greater likelihood of being in an earlier stage of smoking uptake (0.89 (0.85 to 0.99), P<0.05) and lower prevalence (0. 86 (0.77 to 0.94), P<0.001) only when the ban was strongly enforced, as measured by instances when teenagers perceived that most or all students obeyed the rule. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that restrictions on smoking at home, more extensive bans on smoking in public places, and enforced bans on smoking at school may reduce teenage smoking.

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Morrison, S. D. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/yr1s-rm82
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Tsai, Y.-C. (2015) · Open University of Cape Town (University of Cape Town) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.2206.6722
Additional file 2 of Systematic braiding of Smoke-Free Home SafeCare to address child maltreatment risk and secondhand smoke exposure: findings from a pilot study
Self‐Brown, S., Perry, E. W., Recinos, M., Cotner, M. A., Guastaferro, K., Owolabi, S., Spears, C. A., Whitaker, D. J., Huang, J., & Kegler, M. C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26589048
Additional file 1 of Changes in prevalence, and factors associated with tobacco use among Bangladeshi school students: evidence from two nationally representative surveys
Ahammed, T., Ahmed, N. U., & Uddin, M. J. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14274169
Additional file 2 of Changes in prevalence, and factors associated with tobacco use among Bangladeshi school students: evidence from two nationally representative surveys
Ahammed, T., Ahmed, N. U., & Uddin, M. J. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14274172
Additional file 3 of Changes in prevalence, and factors associated with tobacco use among Bangladeshi school students: evidence from two nationally representative surveys
Ahammed, T., Ahmed, N. U., & Uddin, M. J. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14274175
Additional file 1 of Systematic braiding of Smoke-Free Home SafeCare to address child maltreatment risk and secondhand smoke exposure: findings from a pilot study
Self‐Brown, S., Perry, E. W., Recinos, M., Cotner, M. A., Guastaferro, K., Owolabi, S., Spears, C. A., Whitaker, D. J., Huang, J., & Kegler, M. C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26589045
Introduction
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Restructuring areas, reshaping norms: Denormalizing (e-)cigarette use in Swiss vocational and high schools
Morf, A., Wieber, F., Truninger, D., Chatelain, G., & Höchli, B. (2026) · Tobacco Prevention & Cessation · doi:10.18332/tpc/217157

Authors: Wakefield, M. A.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Chicago (US)
Corresponding author: Wakefield, M. A
ORCID: Wakefield, M. A
Venue: BMJ
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2000-08-05
Volume: 321
Issue: 7257
Pages: 333-337
ISSN: 0959-8138 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.321.7257.333
PMC: PMC27448
OpenAlex: W1968649612
Cited by: 504
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 14.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: BMJ (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › School Health and Nursing Education
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Keywords: adolescent smoking, smoking restrictions, smoking bans, school smoking bans, household smoking, smoking in public places, smoking prevalence, smoking uptake, parental smoking, adolescents
MeSH terms: Smoking Prevention, Adolescent, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Motivation, Social Control Policies, Public Health, School Health Services, Smoking, Social Control, Informal, Social Environment, Tobacco Smoke Pollution, United States, Prevalence

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Effect of restrictions on smoking at home, at school, and in public places on teenage smoking: cross sectional study

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