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Effect of restrictions on smoking at home, at school, and in public places on teenage smoking: cross sectional study
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the relation between extent of restrictions on smoking at home, at school, and in public places and smoking uptake and smoking prevalence among school students. DESIGN: Cross sectional survey with merged records of extent of restrictions on smoking in public places. SETTING: United States. PARTICIPANTS: 17 287 high school students. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Five point scale of smoking uptake; 30 day smoking prevalence. RESULTS: More restrictive arrangements on smoking at home were associated with a greater likelihood of being in an earlier stage of smoking uptake (P<0.05) and a lower 30 day prevalence (odds ratio 0.79 (95% confidence interval 0.67 to 0.91), P<0.001). These findings applied even when parents were smokers. More pervasive restrictions on smoking in public places were associated with a higher probability of being in a earlier stage of smoking uptake (P<0.05) and lower 30 day prevalence (0.91 (0.83 to 0.99), P=0.03). School smoking bans were related to a greater likelihood of being in an earlier stage of smoking uptake (0.89 (0.85 to 0.99), P<0.05) and lower prevalence (0. 86 (0.77 to 0.94), P<0.001) only when the ban was strongly enforced, as measured by instances when teenagers perceived that most or all students obeyed the rule. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that restrictions on smoking at home, more extensive bans on smoking in public places, and enforced bans on smoking at school may reduce teenage smoking.
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“In contrast to studies assessing the presence of anti-tobacco policies, cross-sectional observational studies evaluating the level of enforcement of these policies more consistently found links between stronger enforcement and lower rates of smoking among students.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [452]
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BackgroundResultInfluentialProtection from exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke : policy recommendations
Initiative, T. F., & Lam, T. (2007) · The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) · Cited by 72
Sims, M., Tomkins, S., Judge, K., Taylor, G. T., Jarvis, M. J., & Gilmore, A. (2010) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02805.x · Cited by 71
Kegler, M. C., & Malcoe, L. H. (2002) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.2002.1091 · Cited by 71
Parental Smoking, Exposure to Secondhand Smoke at Home, and Smoking Initiation Among Young Children
Wang, M. P., Ho, S. Y., & Lam, T. (2011) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr083 · Cited by 71
Albers, A. B., Siegel, M., Cheng, D. M., Biener, L., & Rigotti, N. A. (2004) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2003.007336 · Cited by 71
Patnode, C. D., O'Connor, E., Whitlock, E. P., Perdue, L. A., Soh, C., & Hollis, J. (2013) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-158-4-201302190-00580 · Cited by 70
“Research has shown, however, that having a strict smoke-free policy in the home is associated with fewer young persons smoking than in households with unrestricted or partial policies (that is, for only certain members of the household) (40, 41).”
BackgroundSzabo, E., WHITE, V. M., & Hayman, J. (2006) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.02.025 · Cited by 70
WHITE, V. M., Warne, C. D., Spittal, M. J., Durkin, S. J., Purcell, K., & Wakefield, M. A. (2011) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03429.x · Cited by 69
Self-citationA mixed ordinal location scale model for analysis of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data
Demirtaş, H., Hedeker, D., & Mermelstein, R. J. (2009) · Statistics and Its Interface · doi:10.4310/sii.2009.v2.n4.a1 · Cited by 69
“Statistics and Its Interface Volume 2 (2009) 391–401”
BackgroundSusceptibility of youth to tobacco: a social ecological framework for prevention
Corbett, K. K. (2001) · Respiration Physiology · doi:10.1016/s0034-5687(01)00269-9 · Cited by 67
“Bans in public places have been found to reduce smoking initiation; bans in workplaces where youth work have been less well explored (Farkas et al., 2000; Wakefield et al., 2000).”
BackgroundLeatherdale, S. T., CAMERON, R., BROWN, K., & MCDONALD, P. (2004) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.09.033 · Cited by 67
“prevalence of smokers at their school [12], and live in a home with no smoking restrictions [ 13 ].”
BackgroundPopulation level policy options for increasing the prevalence of smokefree homes
Thomson, G., Wilson, N., & Howden-Chapman, P. (2006) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2005.038091 · Cited by 67
Recent trends in home and work smoking bans
Levy, D. T., Romano, E. O., & Mumford, E. A. (2004) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2003.006056 · Cited by 67
The Relationship between Socioeconomic Status, Ethnicity, and Cigarette Smoking in Urban Adolescents
Scarinci, I. C., Robinson, L. A., Alfano, C. M., Zbikowski, S. M., & Klesges, R. C. (2002) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.2001.0967 · Cited by 66
Lovato, C. Y., Sabiston, C. M., Hadd, V., Nykiforuk, C. I. J., & Campbell, H. S. (2006) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyl102 · Cited by 66
“Studies have shown that school tobacco policies are effective only if they are strongly enforced [3, 4].”
BackgroundKasza, K. A., Edwards, K. C., Tang, Z., Stanton, C. A., Sharma, E., Halenar, M. J., Taylor, K. A., Donaldson, E. A., Hull, L. C., Day, H., et al. (2020) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055671 · Cited by 66
Sabiston, C. M., Lovato, C. Y., Ahmed, R., Pullman, A. W., Hadd, V., Campbell, H. S., Nykiforuk, C., & Brown, K. S. (2009) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9422-z · Cited by 65
“Schools that have smoke-free environments have lower smoking rates and less overall consumption of cigarettes than schools with minimal tobacco guidelines (Pentz et al. 1997; Wakefield et al. 2000).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialApplication of a rating system to state clean indoor air laws (USA)
Chriqui, J. F., Frosh, M. M., Brownson, R. C., Shelton, D. M., Sciandra, R. C., Hobart, R. L., Fisher, P. H., el Arculli, R., & Alciati, M. H. (2002) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.11.1.26 · Cited by 66
Thomson, C. C., Siegel, M., Winickoff, J. P., Biener, L., & Rigotti, N. A. (2005) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.12.003 · Cited by 64
Tobacco control policy and adolescent cigarette smoking status in the United States
Botello-Harbaum, M., Haynie, D. L., Iannotti, R. J., Wang, J., Gase, L. N., & Simons‐Morton, B. G. (2009) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp081 · Cited by 64
“Nevertheless, research has documented the effect of tobacco control laws on cigarette smoking uptake among youth ( Wakefield et al., 2000 ).”
BackgroundCarlsen, K. C. L., & Carlsen, K. (2001) · Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1097/00130832-200104000-00004 · Cited by 64
A Qualitative Study of How Families Decide to Adopt Household Smoking Restrictions
Kegler, M. C., Escoffery, C., Groff, A. A., Butler, S., & Foreman, A. (2007) · Family & Community Health · doi:10.1097/01.fch.0000290545.56199.c9 · Cited by 61
Metadata
- Authors
- Wakefield, M. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wakefield, M. A
- ORCID
- Wakefield, M. A
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2000-08-05
- Volume
- 321
- Issue
- 7257
- Pages
- 333-337
- ISSN
- 0959-8138 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC27448
- OpenAlex
- W1968649612
- Cited by
- 504
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 14.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › School Health and Nursing Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- adolescent smoking, smoking restrictions, smoking bans, school smoking bans, household smoking, smoking in public places, smoking prevalence, smoking uptake, parental smoking, adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Smoking Prevention, Adolescent, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Motivation, Social Control Policies, Public Health, School Health Services, Smoking, Social Control, Informal, Social Environment, Tobacco Smoke Pollution, United States, Prevalence
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