Cited by 1,072Smoking Behavior and CessationGlobal Public Health Policies and EpidemiologyWorkplace Health and Well-being

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Effect of smoke-free workplaces on smoking behaviour: systematic review

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Fichtenberg, Caroline M, Glantz, Stanton A·2002·BMJ

DOI 10.1136/bmj.325.7357.188PMC PMC117445

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Abstract

Objective: To quantify the effects of smoke-free workplaces on smoking in employees and compare these effects to those achieved through tax increases. Design: Systematic review with a random effects meta-analysis. Study selection: 26 studies on the effects of smoke-free workplaces Setting: Workplaces in the United States, Australia, Canada, and Germany Participants: Employees in unrestricted and totally smoke-free workplaces Main outcome measures: Daily cigarette consumption (per smoker and per employee) and smoking prevalence Results: Totally smoke-free workplaces are associated with reductions in prevalence of smoking of 3.8% (95% confidence interval 2.8% to 4.7%) and 3.1 (2.4 to 3.8) fewer cigarettes smoked per day per continuing smoker. Combination of the effects of reduced prevalence and lower consumption per continuing smoker yields a mean reduction of 1.3 cigarettes per day per employee, which corresponds to a relative reduction of 29%. To achieve similar reductions the tax on a pack of cigarettes would have to increase from $0.76 to $3.05 (€0.78 to €3.14) in the United States and from £3.44 to £6.59 (€5.32 to €10.20) in the United Kingdom. If all workplacesbecame smoke-free, consumption per capita in the entire population would drop by 4.5% in the United States and 7.6% in the United Kingdom, costing the tobacco industry $1.7 billion and £310 million annually in lost sales. To achieve similar reductions tax per pack would have to increase to $1.11 and £4.26 Conclusions: Smoke-free workplaces not only protect non-smokers from the dangers of passive smoking, they also encourage smokers to quit or to reduce consumption

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Self-citation

Authors: Fichtenberg, C. M., & Glantz, S. A.
Affiliations: University of California, San Francisco (US)
Corresponding author: Glantz, Stanton A
ORCID: Fichtenberg, Caroline M
Glantz, Stanton A
Venue: BMJ
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2002-07-27
Volume: 325
Issue: 7357
Pages: 188
ISSN: 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
0959-8138
1468-5833
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.325.7357.188
PMC: PMC117445
OpenAlex: W2118699725
Cited by: 1,072
References: 111
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 68
FWCI: 5.21
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
Locations: BMJ (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Cancer Institute (R01CA061021, CA-61021)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
Keywords: smoke-free workplaces, smoking behavior, tobacco taxation, cigarette consumption, smoking prevalence, workplace smoking policy, passive smoking, smoking cessation
MeSH terms: Smoking Prevention, Adolescent, Humans, Smoking, Tobacco Smoke Pollution, Occupational Health, Smoking Cessation, Workplace

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Effect of smoke-free workplaces on smoking behaviour: systematic review

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