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Effect of smoke-free workplaces on smoking behaviour: systematic review
Open accessAbstract
Objective: To quantify the effects of smoke-free workplaces on smoking in employees and compare these effects to those achieved through tax increases. Design: Systematic review with a random effects meta-analysis. Study selection: 26 studies on the effects of smoke-free workplaces Setting: Workplaces in the United States, Australia, Canada, and Germany Participants: Employees in unrestricted and totally smoke-free workplaces Main outcome measures: Daily cigarette consumption (per smoker and per employee) and smoking prevalence Results: Totally smoke-free workplaces are associated with reductions in prevalence of smoking of 3.8% (95% confidence interval 2.8% to 4.7%) and 3.1 (2.4 to 3.8) fewer cigarettes smoked per day per continuing smoker. Combination of the effects of reduced prevalence and lower consumption per continuing smoker yields a mean reduction of 1.3 cigarettes per day per employee, which corresponds to a relative reduction of 29%. To achieve similar reductions the tax on a pack of cigarettes would have to increase from $0.76 to $3.05 (€0.78 to €3.14) in the United States and from £3.44 to £6.59 (€5.32 to €10.20) in the United Kingdom. If all workplacesbecame smoke-free, consumption per capita in the entire population would drop by 4.5% in the United States and 7.6% in the United Kingdom, costing the tobacco industry $1.7 billion and £310 million annually in lost sales. To achieve similar reductions tax per pack would have to increase to $1.11 and £4.26 Conclusions: Smoke-free workplaces not only protect non-smokers from the dangers of passive smoking, they also encourage smokers to quit or to reduce consumption
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“Overall, smoke-free workplace policies were associated with a 29% reduction (11%, 53%) in total cigarettes smoked.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [424]
In the citing paper
“In a systematic review and meta-analysis including 26 quasi-experimental studies, the implementation of a smoke-free workplace policy was associated with pooled reductions in absolute smoking prevalence of 3.8% (95% CI, 2.8%, 4.7%) and in cigarette consumption among smokers of 3.1 cigarettes per day (2.4, 3.8).”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [424]
In the citing paper
“Studies with either self-reported (N=3) or biochemical (N=3) measures of exposure to secondhand smoke all found significant reductions in environmental tobacco smoke after implementation of a smoke-free policy.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [424]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Fichtenberg, C. M., & Glantz, S. A.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Glantz, Stanton A
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2002-07-27
- Volume
- 325
- Issue
- 7357
- Pages
- 188
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC117445
- OpenAlex
- W2118699725
- Cited by
- 1,072
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 68
- FWCI
- 5.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA061021, CA-61021)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Keywords
- smoke-free workplaces, smoking behavior, tobacco taxation, cigarette consumption, smoking prevalence, workplace smoking policy, passive smoking, smoking cessation
- MeSH terms
- Smoking Prevention, Adolescent, Humans, Smoking, Tobacco Smoke Pollution, Occupational Health, Smoking Cessation, Workplace
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