The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
CONSORT statement: extension to cluster randomised trials
Open accessAbstract
Self help smoking
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Readers may misinterpret the cohort data as sample size if the trial design is not clearly explained”
From Evaluation of reporting quality of abstracts of randomized controlled trials regarding patients with COVID-19 using the CONSORT statement for abstracts (2022) · cites this paper as Campbell et al., 2004
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) group is developing recommendations to help improve the reporting of multiple-arm trials [22,23].”
From Reporting of analyses from randomized controlled trials with multiple arms: a systematic review (2013) · cites this paper as [22]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The trial will be reported using the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials checklist and its extension for cluster RCTs.43”
In the citing paper
“Other trial designs, such as cluster randomised trials and noninferiority trials, require varying amounts of additional information.”
From CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. (2010) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“For some guidelines, notably some extensions of the CONSORT Statement, the explanatory information has been included with the reporting recommendations in a single article (e.g., CONSORT cluster [49], NPT [18]).”
From Guidance for Developers of Health Research Reporting Guidelines (2010) · cites this paper as [49]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Schulz (1995) · doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520290060030 · Cited by 5,634
Moher, D., Schulz, K. F., & Altman, D. G. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04337-3 · Cited by 5,373
Self-citationThe Revised CONSORT Statement for Reporting Randomized Trials: Explanation and Elaboration
Altman, D. G., Schulz, K. F., Moher, D., Egger, M., Davidoff, F., Elbourne, D., Gøtzsche, P. C., Lang, T., & for the CONSORT Group (2001) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-134-8-200104170-00012 · Cited by 3,835
Self-citationAssessing the quality of controlled clinical trials
Jüni, P., Altman, D. G., & Egger, M. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7303.42 · Cited by 3,309
Self-citationImproving the Quality of Reporting of Randomized Controlled Trials: The CONSORT Statement
Begg, C. (1996) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540080059030 · Cited by 3,127
Design and Analysis of Cluster Randomization Trials in Health Research
Davis, W. W. (2001) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1198/jasa.2001.s433 · Cited by 1,735
Grosskurth, H., Todd, J., Mwijarubi, E., Mayaud, P., Nicoll, A., ka-Gina, G., Newell, J., Grosskurth, H., Todd, J., Mayaud, P., et al. (1995) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91380-7 · Cited by 1,387
Ukoumunne, Gulliford, M. C., Chinn, Sterne, & Burney, P. (1999) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta3050 · Cited by 1,211
Moher, D., Jones, A., Lepage, L., & for the CONSORT Group (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.285.15.1992 · Cited by 1,027
Simple sample size calculation for cluster-randomized trials
Hayes, R., & Bennett, S. (1999) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/28.2.319 · Cited by 824
The unit of analysis error in studies about physicians' patient care behavior
Divine, G. W., Brown, J. T., & Frazier, L. M. (1992) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02599201 · Cited by 749
Randomisation and baseline comparisons in clinical trials
Altman, D. G., & Doré, C. J. (1990) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)90014-v · Cited by 508
Self-citationKinmonth, A. L., Woodcock, A., Griffin, S., Spiegal, N., & Campbell, M. J. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7167.1202 · Cited by 474
Self-citationControversy in Counting and Attributing Events in Clinical Trials
Sackett, D. L., & Gent, M. (1979) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197912273012602 · Cited by 413
Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for evaluating guideline implementation strategies
Grimshaw, J. (2000) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/17.suppl_1.s11 · Cited by 382
Puffer, S., Torgerson, D., & Watson, J. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7418.785 · Cited by 351
Value of Flow Diagrams in Reports of Randomized Controlled Trials
Egger, M. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.285.15.1996 · Cited by 317
Sample Size Calculations for Cluster Randomised Trials
Campbell, M., Grimshaw, J., Steen, N., & Changing Professional Practice in Europe Group (EU BIOMED II Concerted Action) (2000) · Journal of Health Services Research & Policy · doi:10.1177/135581960000500105 · Cited by 298
Self-citationMontgomery, A. A. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7236.686 · Cited by 279
Ethical issues in the design and conduct of cluster randomised controlled trials
Edwards, S., Braunholtz, D., Lilford, R. J., & Stevens, A. J. (1999) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7195.1407 · Cited by 256
A meta-analysis of smoking prevention programs after adjustment for errors in the unit of analysis
Rooney, B. L., & Murray, D. M. (1996) · Health Education Quarterly · doi:10.1177/109019819602300104 · Cited by 254
Advanced Statistics:Statistical Methods for Analyzing Cluster and Cluster-randomized Data
Wears, R. L. (2002) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1197/aemj.9.4.330 · Cited by 206
Moher, M., Yudkin, P., Wright, L., Turner, R., Fuller, A., Schofield, T., & Mant, D. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7298.1338 · Cited by 184
Devereaux, P. J., Manns, B., Ghali, W., Quan, H., & Guyatt, G. (2002) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/s0197-2456(02)00214-3 · Cited by 182
Accounting for cluster randomization: a review of primary prevention trials, 1990 through 1993.
Simpson, J. M., Klar, N. S., & Donnor, A. (1995) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.85.10.1378 · Cited by 178
DONNER, A. P., Brown, K. S., & Brasher, P. M. A. (1990) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/19.4.795 · Cited by 177
Feder, G. S., Griffiths, C., Eldridge, S., & Spence, M. (1999) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7197.1522 · Cited by 175
Intraclass correlation coefficients for cluster randomized trials in primary care
Smeeth, L. L., & Ng, E. S.-W. (2002) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/s0197-2456(02)00208-8 · Cited by 168
Flottorp, S., Oxman, A. D., Håvelsrud, K., Treweek, S., & Herrin, J. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7360.367 · Cited by 154
Are distinctive ethical principles required for cluster randomized controlled trials?
Hutton, J. L. (2001) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/1097-0258(20010215)20:3 · Cited by 125
Community-based Health Intervention Trials: An Overview of Methodological Issues
Atienza, A. A. (2002) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/24.1.72 · Cited by 115
Randomised trial of educational visits to enhance use of systematic reviews in 25 obstetric units
Wyatt, J. C., Paterson-Brown, S., Johanson, R., Altman, D. G., Bradburn, M. J., & Fisk, N. M. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7165.1041 · Cited by 114
Self-citationKroeger, A., Avila, E. V., & Morison, L. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7368.810 · Cited by 98
Self help smoking cessation in pregnancy: cluster randomised controlled trial
Moore, L., Campbell, R., Whelan, A., Mills, N., Lupton, P., Misselbrook, E., & Frohlich, J. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7377.1383 · Cited by 83
Evaluation of Cluster Randomized Controlled Trials in Sub-Saharan Africa
Isaakidis, P. (2003) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwg232 · Cited by 65
Cluster randomized trial of a guideline-based open access urological investigation service
Thomas, R. E. (2003) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmg605 · Cited by 52
Grosskurth, H., Mosha, F., Todd, J., Mwijarubi, E., Klokke, A. H., Senkoro, K., Mayaud, P., & Changalucha, J. M. (1996) · Studies in Family Planning · doi:10.2307/2138081 · Cited by 52
Considering clustering: a methodological review of clinical decision support system studies.
Chuang, J.-H., Hripcsak, G. M., & Jenders, R. A. (2000) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 43
Fayers, P. M., Jordhùy, M. S., & Kaasa, S. (2002) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1191/0269216302pm503xx · Cited by 42
Connelly, L. B. (2003) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/s0197-2456(03)00093-x · Cited by 33
Design and Analysis of Cluster Randomized Trials
Campbell, M., DONNER, A. P., & Elbourne, D. R. (2001) · LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) · Cited by 21
Self-citationButler, C., & Bachmann, M. O. (1996) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/13.4.402 · Cited by 18
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- 10.1002/1097-0258(20010215)20:3<473::AID-SIM805>3.0.CO;2-D · DOI
- MacLennan, 2003, Room for improvement in the reporting of cluster randomised trials in behaviour change research., Control Clin Trials, 24, 69
- 10.1001/jama.1997.03540350075038 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1136/bmj.317.7167.1202a · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & Initiative, F. T. S. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040296 · Cited by 23,020
“Four extensions are now available for the CONSORT statement [21–24].”
Self-citationvon Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61602-x · Cited by 21,320
Self-citationvon Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & Initiative, F. T. S. (2007) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010 · Cited by 17,796
Self-citationvon Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008 · Cited by 17,893
Self-citationCONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials
the CONSORT Group, Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-8-18 · Cited by 13,371
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Campbell, M. K., Elbourne, D. R., & Altman, D. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Campbell, Marion K
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2004-03-18
- Volume
- 328
- Issue
- 7441
- Pages
- 702-708
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC381234
- OpenAlex
- W4248033032
- Cited by
- 2,557
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 114 · 2019: 84 · 2018: 90 · 2017: 92 · 2016: 102 · 2015: 120 · 2014: 122 · 2013: 152 · 2012: 150
- FWCI
- 132.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Cancer Research UK
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
- Keywords
- CONSORT statement, reporting guidelines, trial reporting quality
- MeSH terms
- Publishing, Research Design, Cluster Analysis, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Guidelines as Topic, Guideline Adherence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
