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Effectiveness and efficiency of search methods in systematic reviews of complex evidence: audit of primary sources
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To describe where papers come from in a systematic review of complex evidence. Method Audit of how the 495 primary sources for the review were originally identified. RESULTS: Only 30% of sources were obtained from the protocol defined at the outset of the study (that is, from the database and hand searches). Fifty one per cent were identified by "snowballing" (such as pursuing references of references), and 24% by personal knowledge or personal contacts. CONCLUSION: Systematic reviews of complex evidence cannot rely solely on protocol-driven search strategies.
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“and snowballing is the best approach for identifying sources published in obscure journals according to their study.”
From Guidelines for snowballing in systematic literature studies and a replication in software engineering (2014) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These additional methods were used because prior work by Greehalgh and Peacock [91] found that less efficient methods like snowballing are likely to identify important sources that would otherwise be missed, since predefined protocol driven search strategies cannot solely be relied on.”
From Challenges and barriers in virtual teams: a literature review (2020) · cites this paper as [91]
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In the citing paper
“We piloted the use of a highly structured search strategy using protocol-driven searches across a range of electronic databases but, like Greenhalgh and Peacock [17] found that was this unsatisfactory.”
From Conducting a critical interpretive synthesis of the literature on access to healthcare by vulnerable groups (2006) · cites this paper as [17]
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“Greenhalgh and Peacock [15] applied three different search methods in their research, and concluded that protocol-driven search approaches by themselves are not necessarily the most efficient method regardless of the number of databases used”
From Guidelines for snowballing in systematic literature studies and a replication in software engineering (2014) · cites this paper as [15]
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“the included articles’ reference lists also were evaluated (using the snowball method) to ensure that all relevant articles were included in the study [21].”
From Advantages and disadvantages of mobile applications for workplace health promotion: A scoping review (2024) · cites this paper as [21]
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In the citing paper
“After reading the first author ' s reports on the literature, the full research team decided to exclude another 71 articles from the selection that, based on the full text, proved not to meet the inclusion criteria.”
From The Role of School in Adolescents’ Identity Development. A Literature Review (2019) · cites this paper as Greenhalgh and Peacock (2005)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“As many relevant studies may be identified in sources other than electronic databases [29,30], searches that extend beyond the standard electronic databases should be considered.”
From COSMOS-E: Guidance on conducting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies of etiology (2019) · cites this paper as [29]
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Citations
Cites
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Review Research as Scientific Inquiry
Kunisch, S., Denyer, D., Bartunek, J. M., Menz, M., & Cardinal, L. B. (2022) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/10944281221127292 · Cited by 297
“For example, Greenhalgh and Peacock (2005) showed that in searches of complex and heterogeneous evidence (such as studies of the diffusion of innovation) formal protocol-driven approaches may fail to identify important evidence.”
BackgroundCritical success factors for modular integrated construction projects: a review
Wuni, I. Y., & Shen, Q. (2019) · Building Research & Information · doi:10.1080/09613218.2019.1669009 · Cited by 240
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“An audit was conducted to find how the primary sources were originally identified by Greenhalgh and Peacock [2].”
BackgroundBruxism: An umbrella review of systematic reviews
Melo, G., Duarte, J., Pauletto, P., Porporatti, A. L., Stuginski‐Barbosa, J., Winocur, E., Flores‐Mir, C., & Canto, G. D. L. (2019) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1111/joor.12801 · Cited by 237
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Suffering from dementia – the patient's perspective: a review of the literature
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“The fact that one should not rely solely on predefined, protocol-driven search strategies but also use secondary strategies like citation tracking is a well-known phenomenon in literature studies (Greenhalgh and Peacock, 2005).”
BackgroundInterventions to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy
Chaiyachati, K. H., Ogbuoji, O., Price, M., Suthar, A. B., Negussie, E. K., & Bärnighausen, T. (2014) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000000252 · Cited by 235
“This practice is useful for making health policy decisions, because it allows examination of the evidence while ensuring that information is assimilated as fast as possible given prior work [18–24].”
MethodEusebi, P., Giannandrea, D., Biscetti, L., Abraha, I., Chiasserini, D., Orso, M., Calabresi, P., & Parnetti, L. (2017) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.27110 · Cited by 226
“We examined reference lists of all eligible studies and reviews in the field for further possible titles; the process was repeated until no new titles were found.(19) We also searched Google Scholar to find additional studies of interest in the gray literature; to achieve a highly sensitive search, we included the fir…”
MethodQualitative Research and Cochrane Reviews
Noyes, J., Popay, J., Pearson, A., Hannes, K., & Booth, A. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470712184.ch20 · Cited by 291
Sex differences in skeletal muscle fiber types: A meta‐analysis
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“The search involved a mixed approach that was similar to that described by Greenhalgh and Peacock (2005).”
MethodState of the art of cyber-physical systems security: An automatic control perspective
Zacchia Lun, Y., D’Innocenzo, A., Smarra, F., Malavolta, I., & Di Benedetto, M. D. (2019) · Journal of Systems and Software · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2018.12.006 · Cited by 211
“3) Snowballing: We applied the snowballing technique for identifying additional sources published in other journals or venues [65], which may not have been considered during the automatic and manual searches.”
MethodRitchie, C. W., Smailagic, N., Noel-Storr, A. H., Ukoumunne, O. C., Ladds, E. C., & Martin, S. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010803.pub2 · Cited by 217
The development, growth, and performance of university spin-offs: a critical review
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Reviewing the strength of evidence of biodiversity indicators for forest ecosystems in Europe
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Smailagic, N., Vacante, M., Hyde, C., Martin, S., Ukoumunne, O. C., & Sachpekidis, C. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010632.pub2 · Cited by 235
Invited review: Effect of udder health management practices on herd somatic cell count
Dufour, S., Fréchette, A., Barkema, H. W., Mussell, A. S., & Scholl, D. T. (2011) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2010-3715 · Cited by 204
“A search protocol was developed based on the recommendations of Greenhalgh and Peacock (2005), who identified electronic search and reference tracking as the most powerful methods for identifying high quality sources.”
Supply chain sustainability: A tertiary literature review
Martins, C. L., & Pato, M. V. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.250 · Cited by 204
The digital and sustainable transition of the agri-food sector
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The effect of protein timing on muscle strength and hypertrophy: a meta-analysis
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“methods outlined by Greenhalgh and Peacock [25], the reference lists of articles retrieved in the search were”
MethodProtocol—the RAMESES II study: developing guidance and reporting standards for realist evaluation
Greenhalgh, T., Wong, G., Jagosh, J., Greenhalgh, J., Manzano, A., Westhorp, G., & Pawson, R. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008567 · Cited by 193
Self-citationWong, G., Westhorp, G., Greenhalgh, J., Manzano, A., Jagosh, J., & Greenhalgh, T. (2017) · Health Services and Delivery Research · doi:10.3310/hsdr05280 · Cited by 196
Self-citationEarly Intervention and AAC: What a Difference 30 Years Makes
Romski, M. A., Sevcik, R. A., Barton-Hulsey, A., & Whitmore, A. S. (2015) · Augmentative and Alternative Communication · doi:10.3109/07434618.2015.1064163 · Cited by 195
“Unless an identifi ed publication did not meet the above inclusion criteria, there were no other exclusionary criteria employed because both empirical and narrative peer-reviewed publications, which used a variety of methodologies, were included in this review (Greenhalgh & Peacock, 2005).”
Pollock, M., Fernandes, R. M., Becker, L. A., Featherstone, R., & Hartling, L. (2016) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-016-0367-5 · Cited by 195
Drug-Free Interventions to Reduce Pain or Opioid Consumption After Total Knee Arthroplasty
Tedesco, D., Gori, D., Desai, K. R., Asch, S. M., Carroll, I. R., Curtin, C. M., McDonald, K. M., Fantini, M. P., & Hernandez‐Boussard, T. (2017) · JAMA Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2017.2872 · Cited by 195
Liminality in Management and Organization Studies: Process, Position and Place
Söderlund, J., & Borg, E. (2017) · International Journal of Management Reviews · doi:10.1111/ijmr.12168 · Cited by 194
Masini, A., Marini, S., Gori, D., Leoni, E., Rochira, A., & Dallolio, L. (2019) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2019.10.008 · Cited by 231
Systematic literature review on self-regulated learning in massive open online courses
Lee, D., Watson, S. L., & Watson, W. R. (2018) · Australasian Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.14742/ajet.3749 · Cited by 192
Schoenfeld, B. J., Grgic, J., & Krieger, J. (2019) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2018.1555906 · Cited by 183
“The reference lists of articles retrieved were subsequently screened as a part of a secondary search to uncover any additional articles that met inclusion criteria (Greenhalgh & Peacock, 2005).”
MethodFord, J. D., & Pearce, T. D. (2010) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/5/1/014008 · Cited by 191
“While systematic literature reviews are widely utilized in health research (Greenhalgh and Peacock 2005, Heller et al 2008), the Cochrane approach being the most common, their use in the social and physical sciences is less common.”
MethodExplainable AI and Reinforcement Learning—A Systematic Review of Current Approaches and Trends
Wells, L., & Bednarz, T. P. (2021) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2021.550030 · Cited by 213
A systematic review of methods for assessing competence in cognitive-behavioural therapy.
Muse, K., & McManus, F. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.01.010 · Cited by 189
Personal Branding: Interdisciplinary Systematic Review and Research Agenda
Gorbatov, S., Khapova, S. N., & Lysova, E. I. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02238 · Cited by 326
“(2015), followed by the “snowballing” technique (Greenhalgh and Peacock, 2005).”
Green recruitment and selection: an insight into green patterns
Pham, D. D. T., & Paillé, P. (2019) · International Journal of Manpower · doi:10.1108/ijm-05-2018-0155 · Cited by 233
Maliken, A. C., & Katz, L. F. (2013) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-013-0132-4 · Cited by 187
Schoenfeld, B. J., Ogborn, D. I., & Krieger, J. W. (2015) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0304-0 · Cited by 207
Systematic review of the psychological consequences of false-positive screening mammograms
Bond, M., Pavey, T., Welch, K., Cooper, C., Garside, R., Dean, S. G., & Hyde, C. (2013) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta17130 · Cited by 188
Patient education has a positive effect in patients with a stoma: a systematic review
Danielsen, A. K., Burcharth, J., & Rosenberg, J. (2013) · Colorectal Disease · doi:10.1111/codi.12197 · Cited by 183
Paré, G., Tate, M., Johnstone, D., & Kitsiou, S. (2016) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1057/s41303-016-0020-3 · Cited by 205
“Drawing on different search methods and databases to access a variety of sources ensures that most relevant articles are retrieved for a high-quality literature review (Conn et al, 2003; Greenhalgh & Peacock, 2005).”
BackgroundThe sustainability of healthcare innovations: a concept analysis
Fleiszer, A. R., Semenic, S. E., Ritchie, J. A., Richer, M., & Denis, J. (2015) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.12633 · Cited by 166
“The topic of innovation sustainability represents ‘complex evidence’ (Greenhalgh & Peacock 2005, p. 1064), is identified using varied terminology and is not an indexed database subject heading.”
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“We took some additional steps to increase ascertainment of relevant material, including using an adapted version of an ‘equity filter’ (developed by the EPPI-Centre to identify material relating to health inequalities) in our searches, and ‘snowballing’ [58].”
MethodCharacterizing supply chain visibility – a literature review
Somapa, S., Cools, M., & Dullaert, W. E. H. (2018) · The International Journal of Logistics Management · doi:10.1108/ijlm-06-2016-0150 · Cited by 178
“In order to identify relevant studies, we applied two searching methods: the protocol-driven method, which defines the search strategy at the outset of the study, and the snowballing method, whereby the location of studies emerges as the study unfolds (Greenhalgh and Peacock, 2005).”
Alternative Approaches for Studying Shared and Distributed Leadership
Fitzsimons, D., James, K., & Denyer, D. (2011) · International Journal of Management Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2370.2011.00312.x · Cited by 176
“Greenhalgh and Peacock (2005) have shown that in reviews, which address complex questions, database searching can often account for as little as 30 per cent of the total number of relevant articles.”
Wang, X., Chi, Y., & Song, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1347745 · Cited by 177
Hughes, R. T., Zhu, L., & Bednarz, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2021.604234 · Cited by 178
Patient-Related Risk Factors for Recurrence After Inguinal Hernia Repair
Burcharth, J., Pommergaard, H., Bisgaard, T., & Rosenberg, J. (2014) · Surgical Innovation · doi:10.1177/1553350614552731 · Cited by 175
“We supplemented the literature search from the reference lists of the included studies as described.(22) The potentially eligible records were imported into an Excel sheet (Office 2011, Microsoft) where duplicates and non-English records were removed.”
MethodFilippini, T., Violi, F., D’Amico, R., & Vinceti, M. (2016) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.12.048 · Cited by 181
Built Environments and Active Living in Rural and Remote Areas: a Review of the Literature
Hansen, A. Y., Meyer, M. R. U., Mhs, J. D. L., & Hartley, D. (2015) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-015-0180-9 · Cited by 176
Schloemer, T., & Schröder‐Bäck, P. (2018) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-018-0751-8 · Cited by 178
Rojon, C., Okupe, A., & McDowall, A. (2021) · International Journal of Management Reviews · doi:10.1111/ijmr.12245 · Cited by 231
Doherty, C., & Stavropoulou, C. (2012) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.02.056 · Cited by 170
“We searched the literature according to methods outlined by Greenhalgh & Peacock (2005) for the synthesis of qualitative and quantitative data from numerous and dissimilar sources for the purpose of attending to broad policy questions.”
Willems, K., Smolders, A., Brengman, M., Luyten, K., & Schöning, J. (2017) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2016.10.066 · Cited by 207
Shemilt, I., Simon, A., Hollands, G. J., Marteau, T. M., Ogilvie, D., O'Mara‐Eves, A., Kelly, M. P., & Thomas, J. (2014) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1093 · Cited by 170
“A range of search methods are available to locate studies for scoping and systematic reviews and related evidence synthesis activities (Greenhalgh and Peacock, 2005; Lefebvre et al., 2008; Booth, 2008; Papaioannou et al., 2010; Kaltenthaler et al., 2011).”
BackgroundProduct Design: a Review and Research Agenda for Management Studies
Ravasi, D., & Stigliani, I. (2012) · International Journal of Management Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2370.2012.00330.x · Cited by 173
“Following past reviews in management and organization studies, we let the classification of books and articles be guided by two combined criteria: the conceptualization of the object of analysis (see, for instance, Campagnolo and Camuffo 2010; Eisenhardt and Zbaracki 1992; Jarzabkowski and Spee 2009) and the specific…”
MethodKanny, M. A., Sax, L. J., & Riggers-Piehl, T. A. (2014) · Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering · doi:10.1615/jwomenminorscieneng.2014007246 · Cited by 192
Cant, R., & Cooper, S. J. (2017) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2017.08.012 · Cited by 170
“Reference tracking was conducted and a hand search was made of key related journals such as Clinical Simulation in Nursing to enable a broad search of all applicable journals and to limit publication bias (Greenhalgh and Peacock 2005).”
MethodUniversal Mental Health Screening in Pediatric Primary Care: A Systematic Review
Wissow, L. S., Brown, J. D., Fothergill, K. E., Gadomski, A., Hacker, K. A., Salmon, P., & Zelkowitz, R. L. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.08.013 · Cited by 170
Halladay, C. W., Trikalinos, T. A., Schmid, I. T., Schmid, C. H., & Dahabreh, I. J. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.12.017 · Cited by 166
Shemilt, I., Khan, N., Park, S., & Thomas, J. (2016) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-016-0315-4 · Cited by 168
On being ‘systematic’ in literature reviews
Boell, S. K., & Ćećez-Kecmanović, D. (2015) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137509888_3 · Cited by 191
Literature Reviews and the Hermeneutic Circle
Boell, S. K., & Ćećez-Kecmanović, D. (2010) · Australian Academic & Research Libraries · doi:10.1080/00048623.2010.10721450 · Cited by 167
“For example, Greenhalgh and Peacock (2005) Preprint of: Boell, Sebastian K.; Cecez-Kecmanovic, Dubravka (2010).”
BackgroundHealth and social impacts of open defecation on women: a systematic review
Saleem, M., Burdett, T. M., & Heaslip, V. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6423-z · Cited by 188
“Reference tracking is also an important technique for identifying studies published in masked journals [30], hence, the reference sections of all full text studies identified through the online database search were manually scour.”
MethodThe Challenge of Integration: A Review of the M&A Integration Literature
Steigenberger, N. (2016) · International Journal of Management Reviews · doi:10.1111/ijmr.12099 · Cited by 205
“The search was conducted by the author and duplicated by a post-graduate research assistant, while another senior scholar contributed complementary sources where necessary (see Greenhalgh and Peacock 2005, on sampling for literature reviews).”
MethodUnderstanding Consumer’s Acceptance of Technology-Based Innovations in Retailing
Pantano, E., & Pietro, L. D. (2012) · Journal of technology management & innovation · doi:10.4067/s0718-27242012000400001 · Cited by 177
“As indicated by Greenhalgh and Peacock (2005) and Ravasi and Stigliani (in press), the selection of research results merged a protocol-driven methodology (the search strategy is defined at the beginning of the study) with a snowballing technique (the search strategy emerges as the study unfolds).”
BackgroundThomé, A. M. T., Scavarda, L. F., Scavarda, A., & Thomé, F. E. S. D. S. (2015) · International Journal of Project Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2015.10.012 · Cited by 164
Production quality and human factors engineering: A systematic review and theoretical framework
Kolus, A., Wells, R., & Neumann, P. (2018) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2018.05.010 · Cited by 167
Vandemeulebroucke, T., de Casterlé, B. D., & Gastmans, C. (2018) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2017.1286455 · Cited by 160
“Next, reference lists and Web of Science citation lists of the included publications were checked to minimize the chance of overlooking relevant publications (Greenhalgh & Peacock, 2005).”
BackgroundMethodAssociation between psychotropic medications and presence of sleep bruxism: A systematic review
Melo, G., Dutra, K. L., Filho, R. R., Ortega, A., Porporatti, A. L., Dick, B. D., Flores‐Mir, C., & Canto, G. D. L. (2018) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1111/joor.12633 · Cited by 159
Browning, M. H. E. M., Saeidi-Rizi, F., McAnirlin, O., Yoon, H., & Pei, Y. (2020) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916520906481 · Cited by 161
“The terms were identified from recent literature reviews on the benefits of nature exposure (i.e., Kondo et al., 2018; TwohigBennett & Jones, 2018; van den Bosch & Sang, 2017) and through “snowballing,” which involves a review of the keywords of included articles (Greenhalgh & Peacock, 2005).”
Background(2023) · doi:10.3102/00346543221105550 · Cited by 159
“An additional eight articles were included in the review from the snowball method (e.g., Greenhalgh & Peacock, 2005), bringing the total to 328 articles.”
BackgroundLi, Y., Ren, C., Ho, J., & Shi, Y. (2023) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104842 · Cited by 160
Global value chain governance: Intersections with international business
McWilliam, S. E., Kim, J. K., Mudambi, R., & Nielsen, B. B. (2019) · Journal of World Business · doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2019.101067 · Cited by 163
Cortinovis, C., & Geneletti, D. (2019) · Ecosystem Services · doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.100946 · Cited by 157
Rossow, I. M., Keating, P., Felix, L. M., & McCambridge, J. (2015) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13097 · Cited by 156
“) performed both backward and forward searches to identify any studies that we might have missed [22].”
BackgroundMaturity Models in Supply Chain Sustainability: A Systematic Literature Review
Correia, E., Carvalho, H., Azevedo, S. G., & Govindan, K. (2017) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su9010064 · Cited by 156
“Systematic literature reviews (SLRs) seek to provide answers to specific questions or test particular hypotheses [32].”
BackgroundA realist informed mixed-methods evaluation of Schwartz Center Rounds® in England
Maben, J., Taylor, C., Dawson, J., Leamy, M. C., McCarthy, I., Reynolds, E., Ross, S., Shuldham, C. M., Bennett, L., & Foot, C. (2018) · Health Services and Delivery Research · doi:10.3310/hsdr06370 · Cited by 165
What do we know about older adults and HIV? a review of social and behavioral literature
Sankar, A., Nevedal, A., Neufeld, S. W., Berry, R., & LUBORSKY, M. R. (2011) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2011.564115 · Cited by 154
“Our objective was to provide a broad overview of the social and behavioral factors associated with aging with HIV; however, we were restricted by the limits of search engines to identify relevant qualitative studies (Evans, 2002 ; Greenhalgh & Peacock, 2005 ), which may have enriched our understanding of the challenge…”
BackgroundMethodBryan, C., O’Shea, D. E., & Macintyre, T. E. (2017) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2017.1381140 · Cited by 182
“…PsychARTICLES, PsychINFO, and SPORTDiscus; (b) the application of further searches using Google Scholar to ensure that no key papers were omitted; (c) the scanning of the reference sections of all retained papers to ensure a comprehensive search of the literature (Greenhalgh & Peacock, 2005).”
MethodElectronic searching to locate qualitative research: evaluation of three strategies
Flemming, K., & Briggs, M. (2006) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.04083.x · Cited by 153
When and how to update systematic reviews
Moher, D., Tsertsvadze, A., Tricco, A. C., Eccles, M., Grimshaw, J., Sampson, M., & Barrowman, N. (2008) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.mr000023.pub3 · Cited by 157
Sampson, M., Cumber, J., Li, C., Pound, C., Fuller, A., & Harrison, D. M. (2013) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.147 · Cited by 150
“(Greenhalgh and Peacock 2005) It is a useful adjunct when identifying all relevant candidates through a search engine is difficult for 3 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132…”
Conduct and reporting of citation searching in Cochrane systematic reviews: A cross‐sectional study
Briscoe, S., Bethel, A. C., & Rogers, M. (2019) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1355 · Cited by 164
Parental drinking and adverse outcomes in children: A scoping review of cohort studies
Rossow, I. M., Felix, L. M., Keating, P., & McCambridge, J. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.12319 · Cited by 161
“One author (P. K.) performed both backward and forward searches to identify any studies that we might have missed [27].”
BackgroundCaptieux, M., Pearce, G., Parke, H. L., Epiphaniou, E., Wild, S., Taylor, S. J. C., & Pinnock, H. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024262 · Cited by 132
Literature search for research planning and identification of research problem
Grewal, A., Kataria, H., & Dhawan, I. (2016) · Indian Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.4103/0019-5049.190618 · Cited by 149
“important component of any systematic review search process.[10,11] With the advancement of technology,”
BackgroundGordon, J. A., Balta‐Ozkan, N., & Nabavi, S. A. (2023) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.120850 · Cited by 164
Compassionomics: Hypothesis and experimental approach
Trzeciak, S., Roberts, B. W., & Mazzarelli, A. J. (2017) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2017.08.015 · Cited by 163
Adverse Events Associated With Pediatric Spinal Manipulation: A Systematic Review
Vohra, S., Johnston, B. C., Cramer, K., & Humphreys, K. (2006) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1392 · Cited by 147
Niemeijer, A. R., Frederiks, B. J. M., Riphagen, I. I., Legemaate, J., Eefsting, J. A., & Hertogh, C. M. P. M. (2010) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610210000037 · Cited by 146
“Using strategies like citation tracking, alongside predefined, protocoldriven strategies, is a common occurrence in literature studies (Greenhalgh and Peacock, 2005).”
MethodLearning in student‐run clinics: a systematic review
Schutte, T., Tichelaar, J., Dekker, R. S., van Agtmael, M. A., de Vries, T. P. G. M., & Richir, M. C. (2015) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.12625 · Cited by 146
Bidirectional Citation Searching to Completion: An Exploration of Literature Searching Methods
Hinde, S., & Spackman, E. (2014) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.1007/s40273-014-0205-3 · Cited by 145
Desperately Seeking Dissonance
Booth, A., Carroll, C., Ilott, I., Low, L. L., & Cooper, K. L. (2012) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732312466295 · Cited by 142
Mygind, L., Kjeldsted, E., Hartmeyer, R., Mygind, E., Stevenson, M. P., Quintana, D. S., & Bentsen, P. (2019) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916519873376 · Cited by 160
“We obtained additional literature through snowballing, that is, manual reference list checks (Greenhalgh & Peacock, 2005), of all eligible publications.”
MethodUnderstanding heart failure; explaining telehealth—a hermeneutic systematic review
Greenhalgh, T., A’Court, C., & Shaw, S. (2017) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-017-0594-2 · Cited by 141
Self-citationIacono, T. A., Trembath, D. L., & Erickson, S. (2016) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s95967 · Cited by 144
“17 Database search terms were autis* or autism spectrum disorders or ASD; AAC or augmentative and alternative, or augmentative communication or alternative communication, and limits were from 2000 (coinciding with the earliest systematic reviews in AAC) to March 2016, review articles, and papers…”
Guidance on terminology, application, and reporting of citation searching: the TARCiS statement
Hirt, J., Nordhausen, T., Fuerst, T., Ewald, H., & Appenzeller‐Herzog, C. (2024) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-078384 · Cited by 160
Rothman, J. P., Burcharth, J., Pommergaard, H., Viereck, S., & Rosenberg, J. (2016) · Digestive Surgery · doi:10.1159/000445505 · Cited by 138
Kehl, K. A., & Kowalkowski, J. A. (2012) · American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® · doi:10.1177/1049909112468222 · Cited by 139
The development of competency frameworks in healthcare professions: a scoping review
Batt, A. M., Tavares, W., & Williams, B. A. (2019) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-019-09946-w · Cited by 156
Steele, J., Bruce‐Low, S., & Smith, D. (2013) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/03007995.2013.875465 · Cited by 136
Metadata
- Authors
- Greenhalgh, T., & Peacock, R.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Greenhalgh, Trisha
- ORCID
- Greenhalgh, Trisha
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2005-10-17
- Volume
- 331
- Issue
- 7524
- Pages
- 1064-1065
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC1283190
- OpenAlex
- W2149364707
- Semantic Scholar
- 45cd85a4c05c0c295e4569e08f20a6f3268e6390
- Cited by
- 2,045
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 162 · 2025: 147 · 2024: 202 · 2023: 188 · 2022: 187 · 2021: 210 · 2020: 157 · 2019: 139 · 2018: 88 · 2017: 92 · 2016: 77 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 83 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 2.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › scientometrics and bibliometrics research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Sciences Research and Education
- Keywords
- systematic reviews, snowballing, protocol adherence, database searching, hand searching
- MeSH terms
- Data Collection, Review Literature as Topic, Information Storage and Retrieval
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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