Cited by 143Child Nutrition and Water AccessPublic Health and NutritionEarly Childhood Education and Development

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Effects of psychosocial stimulation and dietary supplementation in early childhood on psychosocial functioning in late adolescence: follow-up of randomised controlled trial

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Walker, Susan P, Chang, Susan M, Powell, Christine A, Simonoff, Emily, Grantham-McGregor, Sally M·2006·BMJ

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether dietary supplementation or psychosocial stimulation given to growth retarded (stunted) children age 9-24 months has long term benefits for their psychosocial functioning in late adolescence. DESIGN: Sixteen year follow-up study of a randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Poor neighbourhoods in Kingston, Jamaica. PARTICIPANTS: Of 129 stunted children identified at age 9-24 months, 103 adolescents aged 17-18 were followed up. INTERVENTION: Supplementation with 1 kg milk based formula each week or psychosocial stimulation (weekly play sessions with mother and child), or both, for two years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Anxiety, depression, self esteem, and antisocial behaviour assessed by questionnaires administered by interviewers; attention deficit, hyperactivity, and oppositional behaviour assessed by interviews with parents. RESULTS: Primary analysis indicated that participants who received stimulation had significantly different overall scores from those who did not (F = 2.047, P = 0.049). Supplementation had no significant effect (F = 1.505, P = 0.17). Participants who received stimulation reported less anxiety (mean difference - 2.81, 95% confidence interval - 5.02 to - 0.61), less depression (- 0.43, - 0.78 to - 0.07), and higher self esteem (1.55, 0.08 to 3.02) and parents reported fewer attention problems (- 3.34, - 6.48 to - 0.19). These differences are equivalent to effect sizes of 0.40-0.49 standard deviations. CONCLUSIONS: Stimulation in early childhood has sustained benefits to stunted children's emotional outcomes and attention.

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Authors: Walker, S. P., Chang, S. M., Powell, C. A., Simonoff, E., & Grantham-McGregor, S. M.
Affiliations: University of the West Indies (JM)
Corresponding author: Walker, Susan P
ORCID: Walker, Susan P
Chang, Susan M
Simonoff, Emily
Venue: BMJ
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2006-07-28
Volume: 333
Issue: 7566
Pages: 472
ISSN: 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
0959-8138
1468-5833
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.38897.555208.2f
OpenAlex: W2113634771
Cited by: 141
References: 24
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 6.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.bmj.org/licenses/tdm/1.0/terms-and-conditions.html (tdm)
Locations: BMJ (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust (066088)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Public Health and Nutrition
Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
Keywords: child stunting, psychosocial stimulation, dietary supplementation, milk-based formula, early childhood intervention, long-term outcomes, adolescence, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, antisocial behavior, attention deficits, hyperactivity, oppositional behavior, low-income neighbourhoods, Jamaica
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Mental Disorders, Follow-Up Studies, Growth Disorders, Humans, Infant, Jamaica, Play Therapy, Self Concept, Social Behavior, Cohort Studies, Dietary Supplements

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Effects of psychosocial stimulation and dietary supplementation in early childhood on psychosocial functioning in late adolescence: follow-up of randomised controlled trial

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