Making inferences on treatment effects from real world data: propensity scores, confounding by indication, and other perils for the unwary in observational research

The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects

ROSENBAUM, P. R., & RUBIN, D. B. (1983) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/70.1.41 · Cited by 31,241 · see citing works

The Effect of Spironolactone on Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Severe Heart Failure

Pitt, B., Zannad, F., Remme, W. J., Cody, R., Castaigne, A., Perez, A., Palensky, J., & Wittes, J. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199909023411001 · Cited by 9,214 · see citing works

Design of Experiments

Fisher, R. A. (1936) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3923.554-a · Cited by 4,980 · see citing works

Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction

Pitt, B., Remme, W., Zannad, F., Neaton, J., Martinez, F., Roniker, B., Bittman, R., Hurley, S., Kleiman, J., & Gatlin, M. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa030207 · Cited by 4,941 · see citing works

A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation

(2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa021328 · Cited by 4,405 · see citing works

The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects

Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983) · Biometrika · doi:10.2307/2335942 · Cited by 3,495 · see citing works

Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms

Zannad, F., McMurray, J. J. V., Krum, H., van Veldhuisen, D. J., Swedberg, K., Shi, H., Vincent, J., Pocock, S. J., & Pitt, B. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1009492 · Cited by 3,111 · see citing works

Reducing Bias in Observational Studies Using Subclassification on the Propensity Score

Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1984) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1984.10478078 · Cited by 3,082 · see citing works

The Risk Associated with Aprotinin in Cardiac Surgery

Mangano, D. T., Tudor, I. C., & Dietzel, C. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa051379 · Cited by 1,105 · see citing works

Mortality Associated With Aprotinin During 5 Years Following Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

Mangano, D. T. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.297.5.471 · Cited by 394 · see citing works

Propensity scores: From naïve enthusiasm to intuitive understanding

Williamson, E., Morley, R., Lucas, A., & Carpenter, J. (2012) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280210394483 · Cited by 248 · see citing works

Effect of statins on a wide range of health outcomes: a cohort study validated by comparison with randomized trials

Smeeth, L. L., Douglas, I., Hall, A. J., Hubbard, R., & Evans, S. J. W. (2008) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2008.03308.x · Cited by 234 · see citing works

Eplerenone in Patients With Systolic Heart Failure and Mild Symptoms: Analysis of Repeat Hospitalizations

Rogers, J. K., McMurray, J. J. V., Pocock, S. J., Zannad, F., Krum, H., van Veldhuisen, D. J., Swedberg, K., Shi, H., Vincent, J., & Pitt, B. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.112.110536 · Cited by 224 · see citing works

Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction

Pitt, B., Remme, W. J., & Zannad, F. M. (2003) · ACC Current Journal Review · doi:10.1016/s1062-1458(03)00290-3 · Cited by 192 · see citing works

A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation

The Atrial Fibrillation Follow-Up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) Investigators (2003) · ACC Current Journal Review · doi:10.1016/s1062-1458(03)00084-9 · Cited by 169 · see citing works

In Defense of Pharmacoepidemiology — Embracing the Yin and Yang of Drug Research

Avorn, J. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp0706892 · Cited by 162 · see citing works

Cardiovascular Outcomes in the AFFIRM Trial (Atrial Fibrillation Follow-Up Investigation of Rhythm Management)

Saksena, S. V., Slee, A. E., Waldo, A. L., Freemantle, N., Reynolds, M. R., Rosenberg, Y., Rathod, S., Grant, S., Thomas, E., & Wyse, D. G. (2011) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.07.036 · Cited by 134 · see citing works

Putting the record straight on aprotinin as safe and effective: Results from a mixed treatment meta-analysis of trials of aprotinin

Howell, N., Senanayake, E. L., Freemantle, N., & Pagano, D. (2012) · Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.07.018 · Cited by 64 · see citing works

The Risk Associated with Aprotinin in Cardiac Surgery

Lee, H. T., & Gravlee, G. P. (2007) · Yearbook of Anesthesiology and Pain Management · doi:10.1016/s1073-5437(08)70070-6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

The Reporting of Studies Conducted Using Observational Routinely-Collected Health Data (RECORD) statement.

Benchimol, E. I., Smeeth, L., Guttmann, A., Harron, K., Moher, D., Petersen, I., Sørensen, H. T., von Elm, E., Langan, S. M., & RECORD Working Committee (2015) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001885 · Cited by 5,749 · see citing works

Interpretation and Impact of Real-World Clinical Data for the Practicing Clinician

Blonde, L., Khunti, K. K., Harris, S. B., Meizinger, C., & SKOLNIK, N. (2018) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-018-0805-y · Cited by 734 · see citing works

Adverse outcomes after total and unicompartmental knee replacement in 101 330 matched patients: a study of data from the National Joint Registry for England and Wales

Liddle, A. D., Judge, A., Pandit, H. G., & Murray, D. W. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60419-0 · Cited by 676 · see citing works

Inverse probability weighting

Mansournia, M. A., & Altman, D. G. (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i189 · Cited by 434 · see citing works

Lymphoma incidence, survival and prevalence 2004–2014: sub-type analyses from the UK’s Haematological Malignancy Research Network

Smith, A., Crouch, S., Lax, S. J., Li, J., Painter, D., Howell, D. A., Patmore, R. D., Jack, A., & Roman, E. (2015) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2015.94 · Cited by 427 · see citing works

Patient-reported outcomes after total and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty

Liddle, A. D., Pandit, H. G., Judge, A., & Murray, D. W. (2015) · The Bone & Joint Journal · doi:10.1302/0301-620x.97b6.35155 · Cited by 337 · see citing works

<p>Synthetic and External Controls in Clinical Trials – A Primer for Researchers</p>

Thorlund, K., Dron, L., Park, J. J., & Mills, E. J. (2020) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s242097 · Cited by 257 · see citing works

Effect modification, interaction and mediation: an overview of theoretical insights for clinical investigators

Corraini, P., Olsen, M., Pedersen, L. H., Dekkers, O. M., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2017) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s129728 · Cited by 233 · see citing works

Confounding in observational studies based on large health care databases: problems and potential solutions – a primer for the clinician

Nørgaard, M., Ehrenstein, V., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2017) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s129879 · Cited by 211 · see citing works

Challenges, solutions and future directions in the evaluation of service innovations in health care and public health

Raine, R., Fitzpatrick, R. M., Barratt, H., Bevan, G., Black, N. A., Boaden, R., Bower, P., Campbell, M., Denis, J., Devers, K. J., et al. (2016) · Health Services and Delivery Research · doi:10.3310/hsdr04160 · Cited by 187 · see citing works

Association between antihypertensive treatment and adverse events: systematic review and meta-analysis

Albasri, A., Hattle, M., Koshiaris, C., Dunnigan, A. V., Paxton, B., Fox, S. E., Smith, M. C., Archer, L., Levis, B., Payne, R., et al. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n189 · Cited by 165 · see citing works

Reducing Length of Stay Using a Robotic-assisted Approach for Retromuscular Ventral Hernia Repair

Carbonell, A. M., Warren, J. A., Prabhu, A. S., Ballecer, C. D., Janczyk, R. J., Herrera, J., Huang, L., Phillips, S. E., Rosen, M. J., & Poulose, B. K. (2017) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000002244 · Cited by 164 · see citing works

Network meta-analysis incorporating randomized controlled trials and non-randomized comparative cohort studies for assessing the safety and effectiveness of medical treatments: challenges and opportunities

Cameron, C. G., FIREMAN, B. H., Hutton, B., Clifford, T., Coyle, D., Wells, G. A., Dormuth, C. R., Platt, R. W., & Toh, S. (2015) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-015-0133-0 · Cited by 143 · see citing works

Prevalence of Missing Data in the National Cancer Database and Association with Overall Survival

Yang, D. X., Khera, R., Miccio, J. A., Jairam, V., Chang, E., Yu, J. B., Park, H. S., Krumholz, H. M., & Aneja, S. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.1793 · Cited by 135 · see citing works

Adjusting for unmeasured confounding in nonrandomized longitudinal studies: a methodological review

Streeter, A., Lin, N. X., Crathorne, L., Haasova, M., Hyde, C., Melzer, D. R., & Henley, W. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.04.022 · Cited by 134 · see citing works

Strengths and weaknesses of ‘real-world’ studies involving non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants

Camm, A. J., & Fox, K. A. A. (2018) · Open Heart · doi:10.1136/openhrt-2018-000788 · Cited by 125 · see citing works

Use of Health Care Databases to Support Supplemental Indications of Approved Medications

Fralick, M., Kesselheim, A. S., Avorn, J., & Schneeweiß, S. (2017) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.3919 · Cited by 119 · see citing works

Drug-induced orthostatic hypotension: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Bhanu, C., Nimmons, D., Petersen, I., Orlu, M., Davis, D., Hussain, H., Magammanage, S., & Walters, K. (2021) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003821 · Cited by 116 · see citing works

Spillover effects in epidemiology: parameters, study designs and methodological considerations

Benjamin‐Chung, J., Arnold, B. F., Berger, D., Luby, S. P., Miguel, E. A., Colford, J. M., & Hubbard, A. (2017) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyx201 · Cited by 116 · see citing works

Risks and benefits of psychotropic medication in pregnancy: cohort studies based on UK electronic primary care health records

Petersen, I., McCrea, R. L., Sammon, C., Osborn, D., Evans, S. J. W., Cowen, P. J., Freemantle, N., & Nazareth, I. (2016) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta20230 · Cited by 109 · see citing works

Timely follow‐up of positive cancer screening results: A systematic review and recommendations from the PROSPR Consortium

Doubeni, C. A., Gabler, N. B., Wheeler, C. M., McCarthy, A. M., Castle, P. E., Halm, E. A., Schnall, M. D., Skinner, C. S., Tosteson, A. N. A., Weaver, D. L., et al. (2018) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21452 · Cited by 101 · see citing works

The influence of corticosteroid treatment on the outcome of influenza A(H1N1pdm09)-related critical illness

on behalf of the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group H1N1 Collaborative, Delaney, J. W., Pinto, R. L., Long, J. K., Lamontagne, F., Adhikari, N. K. J., Kumar, A., Marshall, J. C., Cook, D. J., Jouvet, P. A., et al. (2016) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-016-1230-8 · Cited by 97 · see citing works

Das RECORD-Statement zum Berichten von Beobachtungsstudien, die routinemäßig gesammelte Gesundheitsdaten verwenden

Benchimol, E. I., Smeeth, L. L., Guttmann, A., Harron, K. L., Hemkens, L. G., Moher, D., Petersen, I., Sørensen, H. T., von Elm, E. B., & Langan, S. (2016) · Zeitschrift für Evidenz Fortbildung und Qualität im Gesundheitswesen · doi:10.1016/j.zefq.2016.07.010 · Cited by 97 · see citing works

Research and Reporting Considerations for Observational Studies Using Electronic Health Record Data

Callahan, A., Shah, N. H., & Chen, J. H. (2020) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m19-0873 · Cited by 92 · see citing works

Collagenase Clostridium Histolyticum versus Limited Fasciectomy for Dupuytren’s Contracture

Zhou, C., Hovius, S. E. R., Slijper, H. P., Feitz, R., van Nieuwenhoven, C. A., Pieters, A. J., & Selles, R. W. (2015) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000001320 · Cited by 84 · see citing works

The Expanding Role of Real-World Evidence Trials in Health Care Decision Making

Klonoff, D. C. (2019) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/1932296819832653 · Cited by 80 · see citing works

Long-term Prescription of Opioids and/or Benzodiazepines and Mortality Among HIV-Infected and Uninfected Patients

Weisberg, D. F., Gordon, K. S., Barry, D. T., Becker, W. C., Crystal, S., Edelman, E. J., Gaither, J. R., Gordon, A. J., Goulet, J. L., Kerns, R. D., et al. (2015) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000000591 · Cited by 79 · see citing works

Quantifying the impact of unmeasured confounding in observational studies with the E value

Gaster, T., Eggertsen, C. M., Støvring, H., Ehrenstein, V., & Petersen, I. (2023) · BMJ Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000366 · Cited by 73 · see citing works

Biases in Electronic Health Records Data for Generating Real-World Evidence: An Overview

Al‐Sahab, B., Leviton, A., Loddenkemper, T., Paneth, N., & Zhang, B. (2023) · Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research · doi:10.1007/s41666-023-00153-2 · Cited by 71 · see citing works

Efficacy of Furosemide, Oral Sodium Chloride, and Fluid Restriction for Treatment of Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis (SIAD): An Open-label Randomized Controlled Study (The EFFUSE-FLUID Trial)

Krisanapan, P., Vongsanim, S., Pin-on, P., Ruengorn, C., & Noppakun, K. (2020) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.11.012 · Cited by 70 · see citing works

New Horizons in the use of routine data for ageing research

Todd, O. M., Burton, J. K., Dodds, R. M., Hollinghurst, J., Lyons, R. A., Quinn, T. J., Schneider, A., Walesby, K. E., Wilkinson, C., Conroy, S., et al. (2020) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afaa018 · Cited by 66 · see citing works

The impact of obstetric mode of delivery on childhood behavior

Khalaf, S. Y. A., O’Neill, S. M., O’Keeffe, L. M., Henriksen, T. B., Kenny, L. C., Cryan, J. F., & Khashan, A. S. (2015) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1055-9 · Cited by 62 · see citing works

Cohort Profile: The Haematological Malignancy Research Network (HMRN): a UK population-based patient cohort

Smith, A. G., Howell, D. A., Crouch, S., Painter, D., Blasé, J., Wang, H., Hewison, A., Bagguley, T., Appleton, S., Kinsey, S. E., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyy044 · Cited by 62 · see citing works

Evaluation of risk mitigation measures for people with substance use disorders to address the dual public health crises of COVID-19 and overdose in British Columbia: a mixed-method study protocol

Nosyk, B., Slaunwhite, A., Urbanoski, K. A., Hongdilokkul, N., Palis, H., Lock, K., Min, J. E., Zhao, B., Card, K. G., Barker, B., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048353 · Cited by 58 · see citing works

Services for people at high risk improve outcomes in patients with first episode psychosis

Fusar‐Poli, P., Díaz‐Caneja, C. M., Patel, R., Valmaggia, L., Byrne, M., Garety, P. A., Shetty, H., Broadbent, M. T. M., Stewart, R. J., & McGuire, P. K. (2015) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12480 · Cited by 57 · see citing works

Evolution of primary care databases in UK: a scientometric analysis of research output

Vezyridis, P., & Timmons, S. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012785 · Cited by 54 · see citing works

Observational studies of treatment effectiveness: worthwhile or worthless?

Sharma, M., Nazareth, I., & Petersen, I. (2018) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s178723 · Cited by 54 · see citing works

Role of Secondary Prophylaxis With Valganciclovir in the Prevention of Recurrent Cytomegalovirus Disease in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

Gardiner, B. J., Chow, J. K. L., Price, L. L., Nierenberg, N. E., Kent, D. M., & Snydman, D. R. (2017) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cix696 · Cited by 53 · see citing works

Artificial Intelligence in Cardiovascular Clinical Trials

Cunningham, J. W., Abraham, W. T., Bhatt, A. S., Dunn, J., Felker, G. M., Jain, S. S., Lindsell, C. J., Mace, M., Martyn, T., Shah, R. U., et al. (2024) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2024.08.069 · Cited by 52 · see citing works

Association is not causation: treatment effects cannot be estimated from observational data in heart failure

Rush, C. J., Campbell, R. T., Jhund, P. S., Petrie, M. C., & McMurray, J. J. V. (2018) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy407 · Cited by 49 · see citing works

Comparative Effectiveness of Percutaneous Needle Aponeurotomy and Limited Fasciectomy for Dupuytren’s Contracture: A Multicenter Observational Study

Zhou, C., Selles, R. W., Slijper, H. P., Feitz, R., van Kooij, Y. E., Moojen, T. M., & Hovius, S. E. R. (2016) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000002560 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

Effectiveness of psychotherapeutic consultation in the workplace: a controlled observational trial

Rothermund, E., Gündel, H., Rottler, E., Holzer, M. S., Mayer, D., Rieger, M. A., & Kilian, R. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3567-y · Cited by 43 · see citing works

Challenges in comparing the non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation-related stroke prevention

Camm, A. J., Fox, K. A. A., & Peterson, E. D. (2017) · EP Europace · doi:10.1093/europace/eux086 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

Propensity Score Matching in Nonrandomized Studies: A Concept Simply Explained Using Antidepressant Treatment During Pregnancy as an Example

Andrade, C. (2017) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.17f11446 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

Mortality risk reduction differs according to bisphosphonate class: a 15-year observational study

Bliuc, D., Tran, T. S., van Geel, T. A. C. M., Adachi, J. D., Berger, C., van den Bergh, J. P., Eisman, J. A., Geusens, P., Goltzman, D., Hanley, D. A., et al. (2019) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-018-4806-0 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

A critical analysis of recent data on the long-term outcome of antipsychotic treatment

Moncrieff, J., & Steingard, S. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718003811 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Prenatal exposure to benzodiazepines and Z-drugs in humans and risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring: A systematic review

Wang, X., Zhang, T., Ekheden, I. G., Chang, Z., Hellner, C., Hasselström, J., Jayaram‐Lindström, N., D'Onofrio, B. M., Larsson, H., Mataix‐Cols, D., et al. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104647 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Prerupture Intracranial Aneurysm Morphology in Predicting Risk of Rupture: A Matched Case-Control Study

Skodvin, T. Ø., Evju, Ø., Sorteberg, A. G., & Isaksen, J. G. (2018) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1093/neuros/nyy010 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Exercise Therapy in Addition to an Orthosis Reduces Pain More Than an Orthosis Alone in Patients With Thumb Base Osteoarthritis: A Propensity Score Matching Study

Wouters, R. M., Tsehaie, J., Slijper, H. P., Hovius, S. E. R., Feitz, R., Blomme, A., Sluijter, B. J. R., Schouten, C., van der Avoort, D. J. J. C., Walbeehm, E. T., et al. (2018) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2018.11.010 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Can analyses of electronic patient records be independently and externally validated? The effect of statins on the mortality of patients with ischaemic heart disease: a cohort study with nested case–control analysis

Reeves, D., Springate, D. A., Ashcroft, D. M., Ryan, R. P., Doran, T., Morris, R. W., Olier, I., & Kontopantelis, E. (2014) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-004952 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Rupture prediction of intracranial aneurysms: a nationwide matched case-control study of hemodynamics at the time of diagnosis

Skodvin, T. Ø., Evju, Ø., Helland, C. A., & Isaksen, J. G. (2017) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/2017.5.jns17195 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

Cross, A., & Riley, C. (2022) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/con.0000000000001170 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

A New Surgical Site Infection Risk Score: Infection Risk Index in Cardiac Surgery

Bustamante‐Munguira, J., Herrera‐Gómez, F., Ruiz-Álvarez, M., Hernández‐Aceituno, A., & Figuerola‐Tejerina, A. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8040480 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Effects of Ankle–Foot Orthoses on Functional Recovery after Stroke: A Propensity Score Analysis Based on Japan Rehabilitation Database

Momosaki, R., Abo, M., Watanabe, S., Kakuda, W., Yamada, N., & Kinoshita, S. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122688 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Incidence of Parkinson’s disease, dementia, cerebrovascular disease and stroke in bipolar disorder compared to other psychiatric disorders: An electronic health records network study of 66 million people

Harrison, P. J., & Luciano, S. (2020) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.13022 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Are Target Trial Emulations the Gold Standard for Observational Studies?

Pearce, N. E., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2023) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000001636 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Optimized medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty outcome: learning from 20 years of propensity score matched registry data

Mikkelsen, M., Price, A. J., Pedersen, A. B., Gromov, K., & Troelsen, A. (2022) · Acta Orthopaedica · doi:10.2340/17453674.2022.2265 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Rates of delirium associated with calcium channel blockers compared to diuretics, renin-angiotensin system agents and beta-blockers: An electronic health records network study

Harrison, P. J., Luciano, S., & Colbourne, L. (2020) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881120936501 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

A guide for managing patients with stage I NSCLC: deciding between lobectomy, segmentectomy, wedge, SBRT and ablation—part 2: systematic review of evidence regarding resection extent in generally healthy patients

Detterbeck, F. C., Mase, V. J., Li, A. X., Kumbasar, U., Bade, B. C., Park, H. S.-M., Decker, R. H., Madoff, D. C., Woodard, G. A., Brandt, W. S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Thoracic Disease · doi:10.21037/jtd-21-1824 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

The porcine valve type predicts obstructive thrombosis beyond the first three postoperative months in bioprostheses in the aortic position

Jander, N., Sommer, H., Pingpoh, C., Kienzle, R.-P., Martin, G., Zeh, W., Pache, G., Siepe, M., Beyersdorf, F., Schumacher, M., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.07.022 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

The Future of Meat: Health Impact Assessment with Randomized Evidence

Ferreira, J. P., Sharma, A., & Zannad, F. M. (2020) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.11.007 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Relationship between Oral Parafunctional and Postural Habits and the Symptoms of Temporomandibular Disorders: A Survey-Based Cross-Sectional Cohort Study Using Propensity Score Matching Analysis

Abe, S., Kawano, F., Matsuka, Y., Masuda, T., Okawa, T., & Tanaka, E. I. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11216396 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Addressing Limitations in Observational Studies of the Association Between Glucose-Lowering Medications and All-Cause Mortality: A Review

Patorno, E., Garry, E. M., Patrick, A. R., Schneeweiß, S., Gillet, V. G., Zorina, O., Bartels, D. B., & Seeger, J. D. (2015) · Drug Safety · doi:10.1007/s40264-015-0280-1 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

UK research data resources based on primary care electronic health records: review and summary for potential users

Edwards, L., Pickett, J., Ashcroft, D. M., Dambha‐Miller, H., Majeed, A., Mallen, C. D., Petersen, I., Qureshi, N., van Staa, T. P., Abel, G., et al. (2023) · BJGP Open · doi:10.3399/bjgpo.2023.0057 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Is opioid therapy for chronic non‐cancer pain associated with a greater risk of all‐cause mortality compared to non‐opioid analgesics? A systematic review of propensity score matched observational studies

Tölle, T. R., Fitzcharles, M., & Häuser, W. (2021) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1742 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Comparison of Dimethyl Fumarate vs Fingolimod and Rituximab vs Natalizumab for Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

Hou, J., Kim, N. H., Cai, T. A., Dahal, K. P., Weiner, H. L., Chitnis, T., Cai, T., & Xia, Z. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.34627 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

The RECORD reporting guidelines: meeting the methodological and ethical demands of transparency in research using routinely-collected health data

Nicholls, S. G., Langan, S., Sørensen, H. T., Petersen, I., & Benchimol, E. I. (2016) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s110528 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Propensity score methods in real‐world epidemiology: A practical guide for first‐time users

Loke, Y. K., & Mattishent, K. (2020) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13926 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Target Trial Emulation for Transparent and Robust Estimation of Treatment Effects for Health Technology Assessment Using Real-World Data: Opportunities and Challenges

Gomes, M., Latimer, N. R., Soares, M. O., Dias, S., Baio, G., Freemantle, N., Dawoud, D., Wailoo, A., & Grieve, R. (2022) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.1007/s40273-022-01141-x · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Computed tomography during initial management and mortality among hemodynamically unstable blunt trauma patients: a nationwide retrospective cohort study

Tsutsumi, Y., Fukuma, S., Tsuchiya, A., Ikenoue, T., Yamamoto, Y., Shimizu, S., Kimachi, M., & Fukuhara, S. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Trauma Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13049-017-0396-7 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Orthostatic Hypotension and Antiparkinsonian Drugs: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Nimmons, D., Bhanu, C., Orlu, M., Schrag, A. E., & Walters, K. R. (2021) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/08919887211060017 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

A narrative review of data collection and analysis guidelines for comparative effectiveness research in chronic pain using patient-reported outcomes and electronic health records

Dressler, A. M., Gillman, A. G., & Wasan, A. D. (2019) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s184023 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

A Risk Assessment Tool for Predicting Fragility Fractures and Mortality in the Elderly

Tran, T. S., Bliuc, D., Pham, H. M., van Geel, T. A. C. M., Adachi, J. D., Berger, C., van den Bergh, J. P., Eisman, J. A., Geusens, P., Goltzman, D., et al. (2020) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.4100 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation for the Prevention of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Zhang, T., Ou, L., Chen, Z., Li, J., Shang, Y., & Hu, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.756366 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

A guide for managing patients with stage I NSCLC: deciding between lobectomy, segmentectomy, wedge, SBRT and ablation—part 1: a guide to decision-making

Detterbeck, F. C., Blasberg, J. D., Woodard, G. A., Decker, R. H., Kumbasar, U., Park, H. S.-M., Mase, V. J., Bade, B. C., Li, A. X., Brandt, W. S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Thoracic Disease · doi:10.21037/jtd-21-1823 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Should I stay or should I go? A retrospective propensity score-matched analysis using administrative data of hospital-at-home for older people in Scotland

Tsiachristas, A., Ellis, G., Buchanan, S., Langhorne, P., Stott, D. J., & Shepperd, S. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023350 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Oseltamivir: the real world data

Freemantle, N., Shallcross, L. J., Kyte, D. G., Rader, T., & Calvert, M. (2014) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g2371 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

The value of a health insurance database to conduct pharmacoepidemiological studies in oncology

Conte, C., Vaysse, C., Bosco‐Lévy, P., Noïze, P., Fourrier‐Réglat, A., Despas, F., & Lapeyre‐Mestre, M. (2019) · Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.therap.2018.09.076 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Critical Appraisal of the 2018 ACC Scientific Sessions Late-Breaking Trials From a Statistician's Perspective

Pocock, S., & Collier, T. J. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.015 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Using Large Diabetes Databases for Research

Wild, S. H., Fischbacher, C., & McKnight, J. (2016) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/1932296816645120 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Intravenous Thrombolysis After First-Ever Ischemic Stroke and Reduced Incident Dementia Rate

Cerasuolo, J. O., Mandzia, J., Cipriano, L. E., Kapral, M. K., Fang, J., Hachinski, V., & Sposato, L. A. (2021) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.121.034969 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Vitamin-K-antagonist phenprocoumon versus low-dose direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in patients with atrial fibrillation: a real-world analysis of German claims data

Warkentin, L., Hueber, S., Deiters, B., Klohn, F., & Kühlein, T. (2022) · Thrombosis Journal · doi:10.1186/s12959-022-00389-9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Intergenerational impact of childhood trauma on hair cortisol concentrations in mothers and their young infants

Broeks, C. W., Molenaar, N. M., Brouwer, M. E., van den Akker, E. L. T., van Rossum, E. F. C., Van, R., van den Berg, S. A. A., Hillegers, M. H. J., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., Burger, H., et al. (2023) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2023.100167 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

General practitioners providing non-urgent care in emergency department: a natural experiment

Uthman, O. A., Walker, C., Lahiri, S., Jenkinson, D., Adekanmbi, V., Robertson, W., & Clarke, A. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019736 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Evaluating Large-Scale Integrated Care Projects: The Development of a Protocol for a Mixed Methods Realist Evaluation Study in Belgium

Goderis, G., Colman, E., Irusta, L. A., Hecke, A. V., Pétré, B., Devroey, D., Deun, E. V., Faes, K., Charlier, N., Verhaeghe, N., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Integrated Care · doi:10.5334/ijic.5435 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Cefiderocol and the Need for Higher-Quality Evidence: Methods Matter for Patients

Epling, B. P., & Powers, J. H. (2022) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00766-22 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Midterm risk of cancer with metal-on-metal hip replacements not increased in a Finnish population

Ekman, E., Laaksonen, I. E., Eskelinen, A. P., Pulkkinen, P. O., Pukkala, ­., & Mäkelä, K. T. (2018) · Acta Orthopaedica · doi:10.1080/17453674.2018.1487202 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Acute cholecystitis – a cohort study in a real-world clinical setting (REWO study, NCT02796443)

Blythe, J., Herrmann, E. M., Faust, D., Falk, S., Edwards-Lehr, T., Stockhausen, F., Hanisch, E. W., & Buia, A. (2018) · Pragmatic and Observational Research · doi:10.2147/por.s169255 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Treatment of first-time traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation: the UK TASH-D cohort study

Rees, J. L., Shah, A., Edwards, K., Sanchez-Santos, M. T., Robinson, D. E., Delmestri, A., Carr, A. J., Arden, N., Lamb, S. E., Rangan, A., et al. (2019) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta23180 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Investigating the possible impact of peritoneal tumor exposure amongst women with early stage cervical cancer treated with minimally invasive approach

Anchora, L. P., Bizzarri, N., Kucukmetin, A., Turco, L. C., Gallotta, V., Carbone, V., Rundle, S., Ratnavelu, N. D., Cosentino, F., Chiàntera, V., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2020.09.038 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Electronic health record (EHR) based postmarketing surveillance of adverse events associated with pediatric off‐label medication use: A case study of short‐acting beta‐2 agonists and arrhythmias

Czaja, A. S., Ross, M., Liu, W., Fiks, A. G., Localio, R. A., Wasserman, R. C., Grundmeier, R. W., & Adams, W. G. (2018) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.4562 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Real-World Evidence Utilization in Clinical Development Reflected by US Product Labeling: Statistical Review

Seifu, Y., Gamalo, M., Barthel, F. M.-S., Lin, J., Qiu, J., Cooner, F., Ruan, S., & Walley, R. J. (2020) · Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science · doi:10.1007/s43441-020-00170-y · Cited by 18 · see citing works

The flaws in the detail of an observational study on transcatheter aortic valve implantation versus surgical aortic valve replacement in intermediate-risks patients

Barili, F., Freemantle, N., Folliguet, T. A., Muneretto, C., Bonis, M. D., Czerny, M., Obadia, J. F., Al‐Attar, N., Bonaros, N. E., Kluin, J., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezx058 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Comparative Effectiveness of Needle Aponeurotomy and Collagenase Injection for Dupuytren’s Contracture: A Multicenter Study

Zhou, C., Hovius, S. E. R., Pieters, A. J., Slijper, H. P., Feitz, R., & Selles, R. W. (2017) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Global Open · doi:10.1097/gox.0000000000001425 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Real-world data for efficient health technology assessment

Hall, P. S. (2017) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2017.04.003 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Using real-world data for supporting regulatory decision making: Comparison of cardiovascular and safety outcomes of an empagliflozin randomized clinical trial versus real-world data

Jang, H. Y., Kim, I., & Oh, J. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.928121 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Autoimmune Hepatitis with Acute Presentation: Clinical, Biochemical, and Histological Features of 126 Patients

Urzua, A. M., Pizarro, C., Gajardo, A. I. J., Poniachik, R., Pavez, C., Cattaneo, M., Brahm, J., Carreño, L. E., & Poníachik, J. (2022) · Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1155/2022/6470847 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Shorter vs Longer Immobilization After Surgery for Thumb Carpometacarpal Osteoarthritis: A Propensity Score-Matched Study

Tsehaie, J., Wouters, R. M., Feitz, R., Slijper, H. P., Hovius, S. E. R., & Selles, R. W. (2019) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2019.02.016 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Clinical Perspectives on Targeting Therapies for Personalized Medicine

Singer, D. R. J., & Zaïr, Z. M. (2015) · Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology · doi:10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.11.003 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Thromboembolic, cardiovascular and overall mortality risks of aromatase inhibitors, compared with tamoxifen treatment: an outpatient-register-based retrospective cohort study

Moncusí, M. P., García‐Giralt, N., Díez‐Pérez, A., Tusquets, I., Servitja, S., Albanell, J., Prieto‐Alhambra, D., & Nogués, X. (2020) · Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology · doi:10.1177/1758835920909660 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Analysing propensity score methods on two randomized controlled clinical trials

Dieckmann, D., Götte, H., & Jahn, A. (2021) · German Medical Science (German Research Foundation) · doi:10.3205/20gmds319

Three handy tips and a practical guide to improve your propensity score models

Bergstra, S. A., Sepriano, A. R., Ramiro, S., & Landewé, R. (2019) · RMD Open · doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2019-000953 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Propensity Scores: Uses and Limitations

Sainani, K. L. (2012) · PM&R · doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.07.002 · Cited by 93 · see citing works

Analyzing propensity score methods on randomized controlled clinical trials

Dieckmann, D., Götte, H., & Jahn, A. (2021) · German Medical Science (German Research Foundation) · doi:10.3205/20gmds274

Investigating the Impact of Missing Confounders in Propensity Score Analyses of Treatment Effects

Frangou, E., & Collins, P. G. S. (2016)