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Effect of pelvic floor muscle training compared with watchful waiting in older women with symptomatic mild pelvic organ prolapse: randomised controlled trial in primary care
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of pelvic floor muscle training and watchful waiting on pelvic floor symptoms in a primary care population of women aged 55 years and over with symptomatic mild pelvic organ prolapse. DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Dutch primary care. PARTICIPANTS: Women aged 55 years or over with symptomatic mild prolapse (leading edge above the hymen) were identified by screening. Exclusion criteria were current prolapse treatment or treatment in the previous year, malignancy of pelvic organs, current treatment for another gynaecological disorder, severe/terminal illness, impaired mobility, cognitive impairment, and insufficient command of the Dutch language. INTERVENTIONS: Pelvic floor muscle training versus watchful waiting. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was change in bladder, bowel, and pelvic floor symptoms measured with the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20 (PFDI-20), three months after the start of treatment. Secondary outcomes were changes in condition specific and general quality of life, sexual function, degree of prolapse, pelvic floor muscle function, and patients' perceived change in symptoms. RESULTS: Of the 287 women who were randomised to pelvic floor muscle training (n=145) or watchful waiting (n=142), 250 (87%) completed follow-up. Participants in the intervention group improved by (on average) 9.1 (95% confidence interval 2.8 to 15.4) points more on the PFDI-20 than did participants in the watchful waiting group (P=0.005). Of women in the pelvic floor muscle training group, 57% (82/145) reported an improvement in overall symptoms from the start of the study compared with 13% (18/142) in the watchful waiting group (P<0.001). Other secondary outcomes showed no significant difference between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although pelvic floor muscle training led to a significantly greater improvement in PFDI-20 score, the difference between the groups was below the presumed level of clinical relevance (15 points). Nevertheless, 57% of the participants in the intervention group reported an improvement of overall symptoms. More studies are needed to identify factors related to success of pelvic floor muscle training and to investigate long term effects.Trial registration Dutch Trial Register (www.trialregister.nl) identifier: NTR2047.
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“In the study of Wiegersma et al. (2014) [38], the participants did strength training, but also many other exercise modalities and the chosen exercise program was up to the physical therapist with no standardization of the training protocol.”
From International urogynecology consultation chapter 3 committee 2; conservative treatment of patient with pelvic organ prolapse: Pelvic floor muscle training (2022) · cites this paper as [38]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Eight studies found that PFMT improved bladder symptoms [38, 39, 43, 44, 47, 60, 61, 74] and five studies found improvement of anorectal symptoms [39, 43, 44, 47, 61, 74].”
From International urogynecology consultation chapter 3 committee 2; conservative treatment of patient with pelvic organ prolapse: Pelvic floor muscle training (2022) · cites this paper as [38]
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“two studies focused on secondary prevention, as they included women who had not sought health care for assessment or treatment of the condition [37, 38]”
From International urogynecology consultation chapter 3 committee 2; conservative treatment of patient with pelvic organ prolapse: Pelvic floor muscle training (2022) · cites this paper as [38]
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“Both studies found statistically significant positive short-term effects on symptoms of POP, but not on POP-Q stage.”
From International urogynecology consultation chapter 3 committee 2; conservative treatment of patient with pelvic organ prolapse: Pelvic floor muscle training (2022) · cites this paper as [38]
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“No difference in POP-Q. Significant improvement in PFDI-20 in PFMT vs control; 57% in PFMT vs 13% in control reported overall improvement in symptoms”
From International urogynecology consultation chapter 3 committee 2; conservative treatment of patient with pelvic organ prolapse: Pelvic floor muscle training (2022) · cites this paper as [38]
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“The results of these RCTs showed some benefit, but the effects were not that convincing [37, 38].”
From International urogynecology consultation chapter 3 committee 2; conservative treatment of patient with pelvic organ prolapse: Pelvic floor muscle training (2022) · cites this paper as [38]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wiegersma, M., Panman, C. M. C. R., Kollen, B. J., Berger, M. Y., Lisman-Van Leeuwen, Y., & Dekker, J. H.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Dekker, J. H.
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2014-12-22
- Volume
- 349
- Issue
- dec22 1
- Pages
- g7378-g7378
- ISSN
- 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4273538
- OpenAlex
- W2157103386
- Cited by
- 122
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 8.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- ZonMw (4201.1001)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Pelvic floor disorders treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Sexual function and dysfunction studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Urinary Bladder and Prostate Research
- Keywords
- pelvic floor muscle training, expectant management, pelvic organ prolapse, older women, pelvic floor symptoms, bladder symptoms, bowel symptoms, quality of life, sexual function, pelvic floor muscle function, primary care, non-surgical management
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Primary Health Care, Surveys and Questionnaires, Treatment Outcome, Pelvic Floor, Physical Therapy Modalities, Pelvic Organ Prolapse, Watchful Waiting
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