Stroke and recurrent haemorrhage associated with antithrombotic treatment after gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: nationwide cohort study
Open accessAbstract
STUDY QUESTION: What are the risks of all cause mortality, thromboembolism, major bleeding, and recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding associated with restarting antithrombotic treatment after gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation? METHODS: This Danish cohort study (1996-2012) included all patients with atrial fibrillation discharged from hospital after gastrointestinal bleeding while receiving antithrombotic treatment. Restarted treatment regimens were single or combined antithrombotic drugs with oral anticoagulation and antiplatelets. Follow-up started 90 days after discharge to avoid confounding from use of previously prescribed drugs on discharge. Risks of all cause mortality, thromboembolism, major bleeding, and recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding were estimated with competing risks models and time dependent multiple Cox regression models. STUDY ANSWER AND LIMITATIONS: 4602 patients (mean age 78 years) were included. Within two years, 39.9% (95% confidence interval 38.4% to 41.3%, n=1745) of the patients had died, 12.0% (11.0% to 13.0%, n=526) had experienced thromboembolism, 17.7% (16.5% to 18.8%, n=788) major bleeding, and 12.1% (11.1% to 13.1%, n=546) recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. 27.1% (n=924) of patients did not resume antithrombotic treatment. Compared with non-resumption of treatment, a reduced risk of all cause mortality was found in association with restart of oral anticoagulation (hazard ratio 0.39, 95% confidence interval 0.34 to 0.46), an antiplatelet agent (0.76, 0.68 to 0.86), and oral anticoagulation plus an antiplatelet agent (0.41, 0.32 to 0.52), and a reduced risk of thromboembolism was found in association with restart of oral anticoagulation (0.41, 0.31 to 0.54), an antiplatelet agent (0.76, 0.61 to 0.95), and oral anticoagulation plus an antiplatelet agent (0.54, 0.36 to 0.82). Restarting oral anticoagulation alone was the only regimen with an increased risk of major bleeding (1.37, 1.06 to 1.77) compared with non-resumption of treatment; however, the difference in risk of recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding was not significant between patients who restarted an antithrombotic treatment regimen and those who did not resume treatment. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS: Among patients with atrial fibrillation who experience gastrointestinal bleeding while receiving antithrombotic treatment; subsequent restart of oral anticoagulation alone was associated with better outcomes for all cause mortality and thromboembolism compared with patients who did not resume treatment. This was despite an increased longitudinal associated risk of bleeding. FUNDING, COMPETING INTERESTS, DATA SHARING: This study was supported by a grant from Boehringer-Ingelheim. Competing interests are available in the full paper on bmj.com. The authors have no additional data to share.
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Reinitiation of anticoagulation after a bleeding event is often clinically justified.
“Reinitiation of anticoagulation after a bleeding event is often clinically justified. 460, 510”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [510]
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Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation
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Renal Disease and Atrial Fibrillation
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- Authors
- Staerk, L., Lip, G. Y. H., Olesen, J. B., Fosbøl, E. L., Pallisgaard, J. L., Bonde, A. N., Gundlund, A., Lindhardt, T. B., Hansen, M. L., Torp-Pedersen, C., & Gislason, G. H.
- Affiliations
- Birmingham City Hospital (GB)
- Herlev Hospital (DK)
- Rigshospitalet (DK)
- Aalborg University (DK)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2015-11-16
- Volume
- 351
- Pages
- h5876
- ISSN
- 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4646074
- OpenAlex
- W2175794335
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 16.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Pfizer
- AstraZeneca
- Sanofi
- Daiichi-Sankyo
- Lundbeckfonden
- Astellas Pharma
- Region Hovedstaden
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF12OC1015957)
- H. Lundbeck A/S
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal Bleeding Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Antiplatelet Therapy and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Keywords
- atrial fibrillation, gastrointestinal bleeding, antithrombotic therapy, oral anticoagulation, antiplatelet agents, recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding, stroke, thromboembolism, major bleeding, all-cause mortality, treatment discontinuation, competing risks, risk stratification, bleeding risk assessment
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Atrial Fibrillation, Denmark, Female, Fibrinolytic Agents, Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage, Humans, Male, Recurrence, Registries, Risk Factors, Incidence, Survival Rate, Proportional Hazards Models, Stroke
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