Childhood intelligence in relation to major causes of death in 68 year follow-up: prospective population study
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Objectives To examine the association between intelligence measured in childhood and leading causes of death in men and women over the life course. Design Prospective cohort study based on a whole population of participants born in Scotland in 1936 and linked to mortality data across 68 years of follow-up. Setting Scotland. Participants 33 536 men and 32 229 women who were participants in the Scottish Mental Survey of 1947 (SMS1947) and who could be linked to cause of death data up to December 2015. Main outcome measures Cause specific mortality, including from coronary heart disease, stroke, specific cancer types, respiratory disease, digestive disease, external causes, and dementia. Results Childhood intelligence was inversely associated with all major causes of death. The age and sex adjusted hazard ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) per 1 SD (about 15 points) advantage in intelligence test score were strongest for respiratory disease (0.72, 0.70 to 0.74), coronary heart disease (0.75, 0.73 to 0.77), and stroke (0.76, 0.73 to 0.79). Other notable associations (all P<0.001) were observed for deaths from injury (0.81, 0.75 to 0.86), smoking related cancers (0.82, 0.80 to 0.84), digestive disease (0.82, 0.79 to 0.86), and dementia (0.84, 0.78 to 0.90). Weak associations were apparent for suicide (0.87, 0.74 to 1.02) and deaths from cancer not related to smoking (0.96, 0.93 to 1.00), and their confidence intervals included unity. There was a suggestion that childhood intelligence was somewhat more strongly related to coronary heart disease, smoking related cancers, respiratory disease, and dementia in women than men (P value for interactions <0.001, 0.02, <0.001, and 0.02, respectively).Childhood intelligence was related to selected cancer presentations, including lung (0.75, 0.72 to 0.77), stomach (0.77, 0.69 to 0.85), bladder (0.81, 0.71 to 0.91), oesophageal (0.85, 0.78 to 0.94), liver (0.85, 0.74 to 0.97), colorectal (0.89, 0.83 to 0.95), and haematopoietic (0.91, 0.83 to 0.98). Sensitivity analyses on a representative subsample of the cohort observed only small attenuation of the estimated effect of intelligence (by 10-26%) after adjustment for potential confounders, including three indicators of childhood socioeconomic status. In a replication sample from Scotland, in a similar birth year cohort and follow-up period, smoking and adult socioeconomic status partially attenuated (by 16-58%) the association of intelligence with outcome rates. Conclusions In a whole national population year of birth cohort followed over the life course from age 11 to age 79, higher scores on a well validated childhood intelligence test were associated with lower risk of mortality ascribed to coronary heart disease and stroke, cancers related to smoking (particularly lung and stomach), respiratory diseases, digestive diseases, injury, and dementia.
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There is strong evidence from industrial and organizational psychology and cognitive epidemiology studies that IQ is associated with occupational, health, and other outcomes.
“There is strong evidence from industrial and organizational psychology and cognitive epidemiology studies that IQ is associated with occupational, health, and other outcomes (e.g., Calvin et al., 2017)”
From How Much Does Education Improve Intelligence? A Meta-Analysis (2018) · cites this paper as Calvin et al., 2017
The Discussion reports associations between childhood intelligence and multiple causes of death, supporting the health-outcomes portion of the claim. It also mentions occupational status as a possible mediator, but does not establish an association between IQ and occupational outcomes or provide industrial and organizational psychology evidence. The indexed passages have no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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BackgroundThe new genetics of intelligence
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Hill, W. D., Marioni, R. E., Maghzian, O., Ritchie, S. J., Hagenaars, S. P., McIntosh, A. M., Gale, C. R., Davies, G., & Deary, I. J. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-017-0001-5 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
“Intelligence is predictive of health states, including mortality; [3, 4] a lower level of cognitive function in youth is associated with earlier death over the next several decades [5].”
BackgroundSelf-citationGenetic variation, brain, and intelligence differences
Deary, I. J., Cox, S. R., & Hill, W. D. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01027-y · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationTan, E., Troller‐Renfree, S. V., Morales, S., Buzzell, G. A., McSweeney, M., Antúnez, M., & Fox, N. A. (2024) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101404 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“Widely used in educational and clinical settings, IQ scores have been shown to predict real-life outcomes such as academic achievement (Deary et al., 2007), job performance (Schmidt and Hunter, 2004), socioeconomic status (Strenze, 2007), and health outcomes (Calvin et al., 2017).”
BackgroundNatural History of Cognitive Impairment in Critical Illness Survivors. A Systematic Review
Honarmand, K., Lalli, R. S., Priestap, F. A., Chen, J., McIntyre, C. W., Owen, A. M., & Slessarev, M. (2020) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201904-0816ci · Cited by 150 · see citing works
An epigenetic predictor of death captures multi-modal measures of brain health
Hillary, R. F., Stevenson, A. J., Cox, S. R., McCartney, D. L., Harris, S. E., Seeboth, A., Higham, J., Sproul, D., Taylor, A. M., Redmond, P., et al. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0616-9 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“Additionally, higher childhood intelligence (as defined by age 11 IQ) is associated with a lower risk of mortality across the life course [16-18].”
BackgroundSelf-citationHughes-McCormack, L. A., Rydzewska, E., Henderson, A., Macintyre, C. C. A., Rintoul, J., & Cooper, S. (2017) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2017-209748 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Batty, G. D., Deary, I. J., Michelle Luciano, A., Altschul, D., Mika Kivimaki, B., & Galé, C. R. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.06.021 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“…cognitive ability – a psychological trait that involves the storage, selection, manipulation, and organisation of information – appear to be related to markedly lower rates of mortality from infectious disease after taking into account social circumstances (Calvin et al., 2017; Gale et al., 2019).”
InfluentialSelf-citationIntelligence, health and death
Deary, I. J., Hill, W. D., & Galé, C. R. (2021) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01078-9 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationA general dimension of genetic sharing across diverse cognitive traits inferred from molecular data
de la Fuente, J., Davies, G., Grotzinger, A. D., Tucker–Drob, E. M., & Deary, I. J. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-00936-2 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“1), representing (1) each test’s specific variance (s), (2) broad domains of cognitive function (for example, reasoning, processing speed, memory) and (3) g (ref.”
BackgroundSelf-citationCumulative childhood risk is associated with a new measure of chronic inflammation in adulthood
Rasmussen, L. J. H., Moffitt, T. E., Eugen‐Olsen, J., Belsky, D. W., Danese, A., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Poulton, R., Sugden, K., Williams, B. S., et al. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12928 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“…risk factors that may compromise lifelong health (Miller, Chen, & Parker, 2011), among them poor health, socioeconomic disadvantage (Power et al., 2013), adverse childhood experiences (ACEs; Felitti et al., 1998), low IQ (Calvin et al., 2011, 2017), and poor self-control (Moffitt et al., 2011).”
Respiratory Disease and Lower Pulmonary Function as Risk Factors for Dementia
Russ, T. C., Mika Kivimaki, B., & Batty, G. D. (2020) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2019.12.012 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationEEG microstates distinguish between cognitive components of fluid reasoning
Zappasodi, F., Perrucci, M. G., Saggino, A., Croce, P., Mercuri, P., Romanelli, R., Colom, R., & Ebisch, S. J. H. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.01.067 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Shen, X., Cox, S. R., Adams, M. J., Howard, D. M., Lawrie, S. M., Ritchie, S. J., Bastin, M. E., Deary, I. J., McIntosh, A. M., & Whalley, H. C. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.06.007 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“(3) to determine which regions are involved with the above three traits, pairwise correlation analyses were conducted between neural associations of cognitive performance, educational attainment and household income on all connections over the whole brain.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationRisk for injuries and accidents in epilepsy
Mahler, B., Carlsson, S., Andersson, T., & Tomson, T. (2018) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000005035 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Gage, S. H., Bowden, J., Smith, G. D., & Munafo, M. R. (2018) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyy131 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Twig, G., Tirosh, A., Derazne, E., Haklai, Z., Goldberger, N., Afek, A., Gerstein, H. C., Kark, J. D., & Cukierman-Yaffe, T. (2018) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-018-0798-5 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Suarez, A., Lahti, J. M. T., Czamara, D., Lahti‐Pulkkinen, M., Girchenko, P. V., Andersson, S., Strandberg, T. E., Reynolds, R. M., Kajantie, E., Binder, E. B., et al. (2018) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/s13148-018-0528-6 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“There is an absence of literature of other early life phenotypes well-known to be related to aging-related diseases and/or premature mortality, namely, psychiatric problems and cognitive functioning [15, 16].”
BackgroundAluminium and fluoride in drinking water in relation to later dementia risk
Russ, T. C., Killin, L. O. J., Hannah, J., Batty, G. D., Deary, I. J., & Starr, J. M. (2019) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2018.287 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“We adjusted for childhood IQ since this 237 has previously been linked with dementia.(13, 23-25) Furthermore, higher fluoride concentrations in 238 water have been linked with lower childhood intelligence in multiple studies.”
Self-citationDeary, I. J., Harris, S. E., & Hill, W. D. (2018) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.07.005 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Intelligence from childhood and adulthood is associated with most of the major causes of death with the exception of non-smoking-related cancers [10 ,11].”
BackgroundSelf-citationHow much does education improve intelligence? A meta-analysisPreprint
Ritchie, S. J., & Tucker–Drob, E. M. (2017) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/kymhp · Cited by 57 · see citing works
From Epiphenomenon to Biologically Important Phenomena
Corr, P. J., & Mobbs, D. (2018) · Personality Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/pen.2017.1 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“…have important implications for a wide range of behaviors, including clinical disorders, occupational choice/performance, judgment and decision making, health behavior—including personality contributions to mortality (e.g., Bogg & Roberts, 2004; Calvin et al., 2017)—and much more besides.”
BackgroundIntelligence in youth and health behaviours in middle age
Wraw, C., Der, G., Galé, C. R., & Deary, I. J. (2018) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2018.04.005 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationCalvin, C. M., Wilkinson, T., Starr, J. M., Sudlow, C. L. M., Hagenaars, S. P., Harris, S. E., Schnier, C., Davies, G., Fawns‐Ritchie, C., Galé, C. R., et al. (2019) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2019.07.014 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationSlaney, C., Sallis, H., Jones, H. J., Dardani, C., CHARGE Inflammation Working Group, Tilling, K. M., Munafo, M. R., Smith, G. D., Mahedy, L., & Khandaker, G. M. (2023) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2023.02.010 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“, 2007; Strenze, 2007), occupation status (Schmidt & Hunter, 2004; Strenze, 2007) health-related mortality (Calvin et al., 2017), and quality of life (Cumming et al.”
BackgroundThe influence of educational attainment on intelligence
Hegelund, E. R., Grønkjær, M., Osler, M., Dammeyer, J., Flensborg-Madsen, T., & Mortensen, E. L. (2020) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2019.101419 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
High intelligence is not associated with a greater propensity for mental health disorders
Williams, C. M., Peyre, H., Labouret, G., Fassaya, J., Guzmán García, A., Gauvrit, N., & Ramus, F. (2023) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2343 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Pan, Y., Zhou, D., & Shek, D. T. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2022.839473 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Overweight and obesity during adolescence increases the risk of renal cell carcinoma
Landberg, A., Fält, A., Montgomery, S., Sundqvist, P., & Fall, K. (2019) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.32147 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Judd, N., Aristodemou, M., Klingberg, T., & Kievit, R. (2024) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.371 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Bowman‐Smart, H., Gyngell, C., Mand, C., Amor, D. J., Delatycki, M. B., & Savulescu, J. (2021) · The American Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.1080/15265161.2021.1996659 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…although the extent of this effect is debated (Hansson Bittár, Falkstedt and Sörberg Wallin 2020, Sörberg et al. 2013, Allen, Bozzay and Edenbaum 2019, Cha et al. 2019), and it is predictive of increased all-cause mortality (Calvin et al. 2010, Christensen et al. 2016, Calvin et al. 2017).”
BackgroundPhenome-wide screening for traits causally associated with the risk of coronary artery disease
Nikpay, M., & Mohammadzadeh, S. (2020) · Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/s10038-019-0716-z · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Bittár, N. H., Falkstedt, D., & Wallin, A. S. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719002423 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Stevenson, A. J., McCartney, D. L., Hillary, R. F., Redmond, P. H., Taylor, A. M., Zhang, Q., McRae, A. F., Spires‐Jones, T. L., McIntosh, A. M., Deary, I. J., et al. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0657-5 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationTakahara, M., Soga, Y., & Iida, O. (2024) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae207 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Baranyi, G., Conte, F. P., Deary, I. J., Shortt, N., Thompson, C. W., Cox, S. R., & Pearce, J. R. (2023) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afad056 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Population-level data suggest that LBC1936 participants had comparatively high childhood IQ [52] and thus a lower risk of mortality [53].”
BackgroundSelf-citationStojanoski, B. B., Wild, C. J., Battista, M. E., Nichols, E. S., & Owen, A. M. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000773 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“There is also a strong incentive to improve our cognitive abilities; factors such as vocational success, levels of happiness, and even life expectancy are all linked to cognitive health (Calvin et al., 2017; Deary, Strand, Smith, & Fernandes, 2007; Gale, Batty, Tynelius, Deary, & Rasmussen, 2010; Kuncel & Hezlett, 201…”
BackgroundRisk Factors for Natural Cause Mortality in Schizophrenia
Dickerson, F., Khan, S., Origoni, A. E., Rowe, K. C., Katsafanas, E., Harvin, A., Yang, S., & Yolken, R. H. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.32401 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Pre-pandemic cognitive function and COVID-19 mortality: prospective cohort study
Batty, G. D., Deary, I. J., & Galé, C. R. (2021) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-021-00743-7 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Evidence from well-characterised cohort studies suggest that lower scores on standard tests of cognition are linked to elevated rates of premature mortality and cardiovascular disease [1].”
BackgroundSelf-citationJudd, N., Sauce, B., & Klingberg, T. (2022) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-022-00148-5 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Inter-individual differences in intelligence predict a variety of important life outcomes, such as life satisfaction, mortality, and educational achievement (EA) 1 – 3 , showing correlations higher than 0.7 with achievement 4,5 .”
InfluentialCuninghame, S., Jerath, A., Gorsky, K., Sivajohan, A., Francoeur, C., Withington, D. E., Burry, L. D., Cuthbertson, B. H., Orser, B. A., Martin, C. M., et al. (2023) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2023.05.004 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Looze, C. D., Demnitz, N., Knight, S. P., Carey, D., Meaney, J., Kenny, R. A., & McCrory, C. (2023) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glad068 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“For example, in the Aberdeen birth cohort (46), childhood GCA predicted adulthood SEP more strongly than childhood SEP, and other studies from the same group have shown that GCA measured at age 11 reduces the risk for cause-specific (including dementia) and allcause mortality (47).”
BackgroundMonaco, A., Maggi, S., Cola, P. D., Hassan, T. A., Palmer, K., & Donde, S. S. (2019) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-019-01258-8 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Zheng, S., LeWinn, K. Z., Ceja, T., Hanna‐Attisha, M., O’Connell, L. K., & Bishop, S. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.692330 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Intelligence quotient is commonly included as both a predictor and an outcome in epidemiological research on child development (Halle et al., 2009; Calvin et al., 2017).”
BackgroundKleineidam, L., Stark, M., Riedel-Heller, S., Pabst, A., Schmiedek, F., Streit, F., Rietschel, M., Klinger-König, J., Grabe, H., Erhardt, A., et al. (2022) · World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2021.2011408 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“A lower cognitive function is associated with higher mortality (Calvin et al. 2011) and with higher risk for several diseases such as coronary heart disease, respiratory diseases, or cancer (Christensen et al. 2016; Calvin et al. 2017).”
BackgroundA General Cognitive Ability Factor for the UK Biobank
Williams, C. M., Labouret, G., Wolfram, T., Peyre, H., & Ramus, F. (2023) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-022-10127-6 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Der, G., & Deary, I. J. (2018) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2018.05.005 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“More recently these findings have been reinforced and extended by the results of a study that followed up a national year of birth cohort from age 11 to 79 (Calvin et al., 2017).”
InfluentialSelf-citationBaranyi, G., Welstead, M., Corley, J., Deary, I. J., Terrera, G. M., Redmond, P. H., Shortt, N., Taylor, A. M., Thompson, C. W., Cox, S. R., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwac134 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Population-level data derived from the Scottish Mental Survey 1947 suggest that LBC1936 participants had higher childhood intelligence than the population average ( 47), and thus they were more likely to live longer (48).”
Self-citationThe developmental origins of suicide mortality: a systematic review of longitudinal studies
Vidal‐Ribas, P., Govender, T., Yu, J., Livinski, A. A., Haynie, D. L., & Gilman, S. E. (2022) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-022-02092-6 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“…early hospital admission, intelligence at ages 10–11, arithmetic and reading skills at ages 7 and 11, internalizing symptoms at age 7, diurnal enuresis at age 3, age at first speech, cognitive alertness at age 7, and motor development at age 2 were not associated with suicide risk [19, 34, 68, 78].”
Baranyi, G., Buchanan, C. R., Conole, E. L. S., Backhouse, E. V., Maniega, S. M., Hernández, M. D. C. V., Bastin, M. E., Wardlaw, J. M., Deary, I. J., Cox, S. R., et al. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02591-9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationCheng, H., Montgomery, S., Green, A., & Furnham, A. F. (2019) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdz009 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Pesonen, A., Ujma, P. P., Halonen, R., Räikkönen, K., & Kuula, L. (2018) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2018.11.004 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Robust associations between white matter microstructure and general intelligence
Stammen, C., Fraenz, C., Grazioplene, R. G., Schlüter, C., Merhof, V., Johnson, W., Güntürkün, O., DeYoung, C. G., & Genç, E. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac538 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…success (Strenze 2007), income (Zagorsky 2007), and even physical health, longevity, and ephemerals such as stability of marital relationships (Whalley and Deary 2001; Hem-mingsson et al. 2006; Batty et al. 2007; Deary et al. 2010b; Calvin et al. 2011; Calvin et al. 2017; Aspara et al. 2018).”
BackgroundMultivariate prediction of cognitive performance from the sleep electroencephalogram
Ujma, P. P., Bódizs, R., Dresler, M., Simor, P., Purcell, S., Stone, K. L., Yaffe, K. S., & Redline, S. S. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120319 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“This is because various comorbidities (Calvin et al., 2017; Wraw et al., 2015), general well-being at a high age (Deary et al.”
BackgroundBaranyi, G., Williamson, L., Feng, Z., Tomlinson, S., Vieno, M., & Dibben, C. J. L. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.117021 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Strengthening and Sustaining Health-Related Outcomes Through Digital Health Interventions
Goel, R. K., & Vishnoi, S. (2023) · Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review · doi:10.25103/jestr.162.02 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“[28] studied the magnitudes of association among childhood intelligence and all key issues of death by using entire year’s birth population to follow-up to old age, thus capturing enough cases for each result.”
BackgroundThinking as Analogy-Making: Toward a Neural Process Account of General Intelligence
Theves, S. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1555-24.2025 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The relationship between chronotype and intelligence: the importance of work timing
Ujma, P. P., Baudson, T. G., Bódizs, R., & Dresler, M. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-62917-9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Mur, J., Marioni, R. E., Russ, T. C., Terrera, G. M., & Cox, S. R. (2023) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.15698 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Structural architecture and brain network efficiency link polygenic scores to intelligence
Genç, E., Metzen, D., Fraenz, C., Schlüter, C., Voelkle, M. C., Arning, L., Streit, F., Nguyen, H. P., Güntürkün, O., Ocklenburg, S., et al. (2023) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26286 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“There were five brain areas outside of the P-FIT network, namely the primary motor cortex (4), the primary somatosensory cortex (1), the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and the posterior part of the parietal operculum (OP1).”
BackgroundChildhood caries is associated with poor health and a faster pace of aging by midlife
Ruiz, B., Broadbent, J. M., Thomson, W. M., Ramrakha, S., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., & Poulton, R. (2023) · Journal of Public Health Dentistry · doi:10.1111/jphd.12591 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“This is exemplified by observations that socioeconomic disadvantage 10 and low IQ 11, 12 are associated with poor mental and physical outcomes in later life.”
BackgroundChildhood IQ and mortality during 53 years’ follow-up of Swedish men and women
Wallin, A. S., Allebeck, P., Gustafsson, J., & Hemmingsson, T. (2018) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2018-210675 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Horner, D., Jepsen, J. R. M., Chawes, B., Vinding, R., Rosenberg, J. B., Mohammadzadeh, P., Luo, Y., Fagerlund, B., Flensborg‐Madsen, T., Wood, T. R., et al. (2025) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004454 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Kavish, N., Helton, J. J., Vaughn, M. G., & Boutwell, B. B. (2020) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2020.101448 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Batty, G. D., & Mika Kivimaki, B. (2021) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2020-215870 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationIan Deary and Robert Sternberg answer five self-inflicted questions about human intelligence
Deary, I. J., & Sternberg, R. J. (2021) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2021.101539 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationColom, R. (2020) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64150-2.00012-5 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Williams, C. M., Peyre, H., & Ramus, F. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac468 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Li, H., Zhang, X., Zhang, X., Wang, Z., Feng, S., & Zhang, G. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11020029 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Cognitive Abilities and Financial Decision Making
Sobków, A., Garrido, D., & García‐Retamero, R. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45500-2_4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The overlapping geography of cognitive ability and chronotype
Ujma, P. P., & Kirkegaard, E. O. W. (2021) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.477 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wan, W., Zhu, Y., Tian, J., Cheng, Y., Zeng, L., & Zhu, Z. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18309-z · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Intelligence and life expectancy in late adulthood: A meta-analysis
Sánchez‐Izquierdo, M., Ballesteros, R. F., Valeriano-Lorenzo, E., & Botella, J. (2023) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2023.101738 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Epigenetic predictors of lifestyle traits applied to the blood and brain
Gadd, D. A., Stevenson, A. J., Hillary, R. F., McCartney, D. L., Wrobel, N., McCafferty, S., Murphy, L., Russ, T. C., Harris, S. E., Redmond, P. H., et al. (2021) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcab082 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The LBC1936 group were born in 1936 and there are socioeconomic and cultural trends in their lifestyles that must be taken into consideration; many may have worked in factories or in shipbuilding yards, exposing them to high levels of respiratory pollutants and poorer socioeconomic status in this era was related to be…”
BackgroundSelf-citationCircadian preference and intelligence – an updated meta-analysis
Ujma, P. P., & Scherrer, V. (2021) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2021.1926473 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…income and financial difficulty (Strenze 2007; Zagorsky 2007), job choice, performance and productivity (Hauser 2002; Kuncel and Hezlett 2010; Ones et al. 2012; Schmidt et al. 2016), school performance (Roth et al. 2015; Zaboski et al. 2018) and health (Calvin et al. 2017, 2011; Gale et al. 2010).”
BackgroundCognitive ability and risk of death from lower respiratory tract infection: findings from UK Biobank
Galé, C. R., Deary, I. J., & Batty, G. D. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-38126-w · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationSchmiedek, F., Kroehne, U., Goldhammer, F., Prindle, J., Lindenberger, U., Klinger-König, J., Grabe, H. J., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Pabst, A., Streit, F., et al. (2022) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2021.2011407 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…cognitive functioning that is relevant to health behaviour, functional health, and predictive of diseases and mortality (Lindenberger et al. 2002; Batty et al. 2007; Calvin et al. 2011, 2017; Wraw et al. 2015, 2018; Christensen et al. 2016; Fawns-Ritchie et al. 2018; Davies et al. 2019).”
BackgroundFries, J., & Pietschnig, J. (2022) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2022.101666 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Guan, H., Xue, J., Zhang, Y., Chang, F., & Liu, W. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22861-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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Self-citationIQ in adolescence and cognition over 50 years later: The mediating role of adult personality
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“…al., 2006; Tikhomirova et al., 2020), occupational attainment and job performance (Gottfredson, 1997; Van Iddekinge et al., 2018), in addition to physical and mental health (Calvin et al., 2017; Lövdén et al., 2020; Peng and Kievit, 2020), despite the criticism [see Richardson and Norgate (2015)].”
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“The g-factor in children is also longitudinally stable and can forecast future health outcomes ( Calvin et al., 2017 ; Deary et al., 2013 ).”
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“Intelligence is also predictive of physical andmental health, as well as of longevity, with a higher level of intelligence being associated with a lower risk of illness, and a greater lifespan (Calvin et al., 2017;Deary et al., 2010).”
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“The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent. longevity (Calvin et al., 2017; Kuncel & Hezlett, 2010; Peng & Kievit, 2020; Wrulich et al., 2014).”
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- Authors
- Calvin, C. M., Batty, G. D., Der, G., Brett, C. E., Taylor, A., Pattie, A., Čukić, I., & Deary, I. J.
- Affiliations
- Warneford Hospital (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit (GB)
- Liverpool John Moores University (GB)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Calvin, Catherine M
- Deary, Ian J
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2017-06-28
- Volume
- 357
- Pages
- j2708
- ISSN
- 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- PMC
- PMC5485432
- OpenAlex
- W2620649070
- Cited by
- 189
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 23.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Liverpool John Moores University (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Medical Research Charities Group
- University of Edinburgh (MR/K026992/1)
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (MR/K026992/1)
- Dementias Platform UK (MR/L023784/2)
- Directorate for Biological Sciences
- Medical Research Council (MR/L023784/2, MR/K026992/1, MR/M013111/1, MR/L023784/1)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (MR/K026992/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- child intelligence, intelligence test scores, mortality, cause-specific mortality, coronary artery disease, stroke, respiratory diseases, cancer, dementia, suicide, sex differences, life course, birth cohort, tobacco-related cancer, lung cancer, gastric cancer, bladder cancer, sex differences in mortality, educational disadvantage
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cause of Death, Child, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Surveys, Humans, Intelligence, Longevity, Male, Middle Aged, Psychosocial Deprivation, Scotland, Socioeconomic Factors, Survival Analysis, Risk Assessment
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