Genetic variation, brain, and intelligence differences
Open accessAbstract
Individual differences in human intelligence, as assessed using cognitive test scores, have a well-replicated, hierarchical phenotypic covariance structure. They are substantially stable across the life course, and are predictive of educational, social, and health outcomes. From this solid phenotypic foundation and importance for life, comes an interest in the environmental, social, and genetic aetiologies of intelligence, and in the foundations of intelligence differences in brain structure and functioning. Here, we summarise and critique the last 10 years or so of molecular genetic (DNA-based) research on intelligence, including the discovery of genetic loci associated with intelligence, DNA-based heritability, and intelligence’s genetic correlations with other traits. We summarise new brain imaging-intelligence findings, including whole-brain associations and grey and white matter associations. We summarise regional brain imaging associations with intelligence and interpret these with respect to theoretical accounts. We address research that combines genetics and brain imaging in studying intelligence differences. There are new, though modest, associations in all these areas, and mechanistic accounts are lacking. We attempt to identify growing points that might contribute toward a more integrated ‘systems biology’ account of some of the between-individual differences in intelligence.
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Intelligence, educational attainment, and other cognitive abilities are all highly heritable.
“This matters because intelligence, educational attainment, and other cognitive abilities are all highly heritable9,34.”
From The impact of digital media on children’s intelligence while controlling for genetic differences in cognition and socioeconomic background (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
Scores in measures of intelligence are highly predictive of a person's future, including happiness, longevity, income, and educational achievement.
“Scores in measures of intelligence are highly predictive of a person’s future, including happiness, longevity, income, and educational achievement9.”
From The impact of digital media on children’s intelligence while controlling for genetic differences in cognition and socioeconomic background (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
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A HIERARCHY WITHOUT A GENERAL FACTOR 1
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Self-citationStrong genetic overlap between executive functions and intelligence.
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Self-citationDNA methylation and brain structure and function across the life course: A systematic review
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Timing of lifespan influences on brain and cognition
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Brain aging differs with cognitive ability regardless of education
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A General Cognitive Ability Factor for the UK Biobank
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Multivariate prediction of cognitive performance from the sleep electroencephalogram
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The impact of early adversity on the cerebral cortex - a Mendelian randomization study
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Cognition and beyond: Intersections of personality traits and language
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Aging Brain from a Lifespan Perspective
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Examining the neurostructural architecture of intelligence: The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 study
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Self-citationOpenness/Intellect: A Unique Trait Requires Unique Considerations
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The Role of Bioengineering in Healthcare
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SynaptopathyDB: a resource for studying the genetic and synaptic basis of nervous system disordersPreprint
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Brain maps of general cognitive functioning: neuroimaging and neurobiological signatures
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Intelligence in Multiple Dimensions: Evolutionary Framework for the Study of Human Cognition
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Self-citationFunctional Tests Guide Complex “Fidelity“ Tradeoffs in Whole-Brain Emulation
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“Those Evenings of the Brain – When Not a Moon Disclose a Sign”
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Lessons we learned from the Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1921 and 1936
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Practical ship stability for beginners
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- Authors
- Deary, I. J., Cox, S. R., & Hill, W. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Deary, Ian J.
- Venue
- Molecular Psychiatry
- Published
- 2021-02-02
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 335-353
- ISSN
- 1359-4184 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5578
- PMC
- PMC8960418
- OpenAlex
- W3127205570
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 158
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 14 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 3.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Molecular Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Age UK (Disconnected Mind)
- RCUK | Medical Research Council (MR/R024065/1)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (1R01AG054628-01A1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- intelligence, individual differences, genetic variation, heritability, genetic loci, brain structure, neuroimaging, grey matter, white matter, genetic correlation, systems biology, cognitive test scores
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Humans, Intelligence, Neuropsychological Tests, Genetic Variation, White Matter
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