Cited by 202Food composition and propertiesNutritional Studies and DietDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Intake of whole grain foods and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three prospective cohort studies

Open access

Hu, Yang, Ding, Ming, Sampson, Laura, Willett, Walter C, Manson, JoAnn E, Wang, Molin, Rosner, Bernard, Hu, Frank B, Sun, Qi·2020·BMJ

DOI 10.1136/bmj.m2206PMC PMC7341349

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations between the intake of total and individual whole grain foods and the risk of type 2 diabetes. DESIGN: Prospective cohort studies. SETTING: Nurses' Health Study (1984-2014), Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2017), and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986-2016), United States. PARTICIPANTS: 158 259 women and 36 525 men who did not have type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer at baseline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reports of incident type 2 diabetes by participants identified through follow-up questionnaires and confirmed by a validated supplementary questionnaire. RESULTS: During 4 618 796 person years of follow-up, 18 629 participants with type 2 diabetes were identified. Total whole grain consumption was categorized into five equal groups of servings a day for the three cohorts. After adjusting for lifestyle and dietary risk factors for diabetes, participants in the highest category for total whole grain consumption had a 29% (95% confidence interval 26% to 33%) lower rate of type 2 diabetes compared with those in the lowest category. For individual whole grain foods, pooled hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for type 2 diabetes in participants consuming one or more servings a day compared with those consuming less than one serving a month were 0.81 (0.77 to 0.86) for whole grain cold breakfast cereal, 0.79 (0.75 to 0.83) for dark bread, and 1.08 (1.00 to 1.17) for popcorn. For other individual whole grains with lower average intake levels, comparing consumption of two or more servings a week with less than one serving a month, the pooled hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 0.79 (0.75 to 0.83) for oatmeal, 0.88 (0.82 to 0.94) for brown rice, 0.85 (0.80 to 0.90) for added bran, and 0.88 (0.78 to 0.98) for wheat germ. Spline regression showed a non-linear dose-response association between total whole grain intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes where the rate reduction slightly plateaued at more than two servings a day (P<0.001 for curvature). For whole grain cold breakfast cereal and dark bread, the rate reduction plateaued at about 0.5 servings a day. For consumption of popcorn, a J shaped association was found where the rate of type 2 diabetes was not significantly raised until consumption exceeded about one serving a day. The association between higher total whole grain intake and lower risk of type 2 diabetes was stronger in individuals who were lean than in those who were overweight or obese (P=0.003 for interaction), and the associations did not vary significantly across levels of physical activity, family history of diabetes, or smoking status. CONCLUSION: Higher consumption of total whole grains and several commonly eaten whole grain foods, including whole grain breakfast cereal, oatmeal, dark bread, brown rice, added bran, and wheat germ, was significantly associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes. These findings provide further support for the current recommendations of increasing whole grain consumption as part of a healthy diet for the prevention of type 2 diabetes.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1136/bmj.m2206

Cites

61 of 61 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys
Rubin, D. B. (1987) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/9780470316696 · Cited by 20,701
Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus* (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.2007.s5 · Cited by 10,325
Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus (1997) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.20.7.1183 · Cited by 6,220
Association between Water Intake, Chronic Kidney Disease, and Cardiovascular Disease: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of NHANES Data
Sontrop, J. M., Dixon, S. N., Garg, A. X., Jiménez, I. B., Dohein, O., Huang, S. S., & Clark, W. F. (2013) · American Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1159/000350377 · Cited by 5,903
Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance.
National Diabetes Data Group (1979) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.28.12.1039 · Cited by 4,909
Standards of medical care in diabetes 2010
American Diabetes Association (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-s011 · Cited by 3,470
International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002,
Foster-Powell, K., Holt, S. H., & Brand-Miller, J. C. (2002) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.1.5 · Cited by 3,080
Renal and Extrarenal Effects of Gum Arabic (Acacia Senegal) - What Can be Learned from Animal Experiments?
Nasir, O. (2013) · Kidney & Blood Pressure Research · doi:10.1159/000350152 · Cited by 2,331
Alternative Dietary Indices Both Strongly Predict Risk of Chronic Disease
Chiuve, S. E., Fung, T. T., Rimm, E. B., Hu, F. B., McCullough, M. L., Wang, M., Stampfer, M. J., & Willett, W. C. (2012) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.111.157222 · Cited by 1,951
Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Weight Gain, and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Young and Middle-Aged Women
Schulze, M. B. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.8.927 · Cited by 1,639

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 61 references

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 202

The Complex Gene–Carbohydrate Interaction in Type 2 Diabetes: Between Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives
Gorini, F., & Tonacci, A. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17142350 · Cited by 10
“…Potential overestimation due to incomplete adjustment for lifestyle and dietary factors, as well as unmeasured or residual confounding [26,96,106,111] Significantly inverse associations between WG bread, whole grain cereals, wheat bran, and brown rice and risk of T2D [96,115] Most…”
Influential
Low-Carbohydrate Diets of Varying Macronutrient Quality and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Three U.S. Prospective Cohort Studies
Liu, B., Wang, Y., Hu, Y., Wan, Y., Zhang, C., Rimm, E. B., Hu, F. B., & Sun, Q. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc25-1401 · Cited by 8
Evaluating the Effects of Corn Flour Product Consumption on Cardiometabolic Outcomes and the Gut Microbiota in Adults with Elevated Cholesterol: A Randomized Crossover
Liedike, B., Khatib, M., Tabarsi, B., Harris, M., Wilson, S. L., Ortega‐Santos, C. P., Mohr, A. E., Vega‐López, S., & Whisner, C. M. (2024) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.06.003 · Cited by 8
“Evidence suggests that whole grain consumption lowers the risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease [1], diabetes [2], and cancer [3].”
Fortified whole grains and whole blends: A timely food systems shift
Milani, P., Haddad, L., Steiner, R. A., Mkambula, P., Mehrdad, E., Kamau, D., Ndung'u, D., & de Pee, S. (2024) · Global Food Security · doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2024.100784 · Cited by 10
A Comparison between Dietary Consumption Status and Healthy Dietary Pattern among Adults Aged 55 and Older in China
Zhang, S., Wang, L., Jia, X., Zhang, J., Jiang, H., Li, W., Huang, F., Wang, H., Zhang, B., Ding, G., et al. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14132778 · Cited by 8
“001) [28], cardiovascular disease (per 90 g/day increasing: RR = 0.”
Dietary factors in the risk of T2DM
Greenhill, C. (2020) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-020-0401-5 · Cited by 8
A review on the role of functional foods and derivatives for diabetes management
Nair, A., Anish, R. J., & Moorthy, S. N. (2025) · Journal of Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13197-025-06234-x · Cited by 7
“Higher consumption of total WGs, including cereal, oats, dark bread, brown rice, and wheat germ, significantly linked with a lower risk of DM by maintaining BG at optimum (Hu et al. 2020).”
South African Consumers’ Knowledge, Opinions and Awareness of Whole Grains and Their Health Benefits: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey
TAYLOR, J. R. N., Rehm, C. D., de Kock, H. L., Donoghue, S., Johnson, A., Thompson, C., & Berezhnaya, Y. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15163522 · Cited by 7
Report of the Scientific Committee of the Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition (AESAN) on sustainable dietary and physical activity recommendations for the Spanish population
Garcı́a, E. L., Lesmes, I. B., Díaz‐Perales, A., Moreno-Arribas, M. V., Baquedano, M. D. P. P., Velasco, A. M. R., Salvo, U. F., Tejedor-Romero, L., Porcel, F. B. O., Laín, S. A., et al. (2023) · Food Risk Assess Europe · doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2023.fr-0005 · Cited by 11
All‐cause and cause‐specific mortality risk and loss in life expectancy associated with incident type 2 diabetes onset age and duration
Zhang, Y., Song, M., Wang, M., Hertzmark, E., Wu, K., Eliassen, A. H., Mucci, L. A., Sun, Q., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., et al. (2024) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.13817 · Cited by 7
“A supplementary questionnaire was subsequently administered to further conﬁrm their diagnosis by collecting detailed data on symptoms, diagnostic tests, and hypoglycemic therapy [28].”
Rye (Secale cereale L.) revisited—nutritional composition, functional benefits, and role in sustainable diets
Žadeikė, D., Copperstone, C., Aleksandrova, O. V., Ünal, D. Ö., Šavikin, K., Živković, J., Güzel, M., Yı̇ldırım, H. K., Küni̇li̇, İ. E., Ivanova, T., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1666455 · Cited by 6
“Prospective cohorts have also reported a 27–30% lower risk of T2DM with higher whole-grain intake and a 28–37% lower risk with higher cereal ﬁber intake (70, 192).”
Dietary Carbohydrates, Genetic Susceptibility, and Gout Risk: A Prospective Cohort Study in the UK
Hua, B., Dong, Z., Yang, Y., Liu, W., Chen, S., Chen, Y., Sun, X., Ye, D., Li, J., & Mao, Y. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16172883 · Cited by 7
“In addition, several studies have found a significant association between the consumption of wholegrains and a reduced risk of cardiometabolic diseases such as CVD [46,47] and diabetes [48,49], which were closely associated with gout [5].”
Background
Nutrition economics: Four analyses supporting the case for whole grain consumption
Miller, K. B., Grafenauer, S., & Martikainen, J. A. (2022) · Journal of Cereal Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcs.2022.103455 · Cited by 6
Dietary pattern as a predictor of multimorbidity patterns: A population-based cross-sectional study with women
Stürmer, J., Franken, D. L., Ternus, D. L., Henn, R. L., da Costa, J. S. D., Olinto, M. T. A., & Paniz, V. M. V. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.06.105 · Cited by 6
Association between dietary patterns and glycemic control in type II diabetes mellitus patients
Ye, Q., Lu, X., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2024.103075 · Cited by 6
Associations of breakfast cereal consumption with all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a large-scale prospective analysis
Lin, Z., Zeng, M., Sui, Z., Wu, Y., Zhang, H., & Liu, T. (2025) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-025-01109-5 · Cited by 5
“Multiple lines of evidence have demonstrated that the consumption of whole grains in cereal can effectively decrease the risks of human diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, CVD, and metabolic diseases [6, 7, 8].”
Associations between whole grains intake and new-onset hypertension: a prospective cohort study
Xu, Z.-H., Tang, X.-L., Qiu, C.-S., Li, H., Liao, D., Du, L., Lai, S., Huang, H.-X., Xiong, Z.-Y., Li, X.-N., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-024-03434-7 · Cited by 5
Functional Cereals: Functional Components and Benefits
Bangar, S. P., & Kaushik, N. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-05611-6_1 · Cited by 9
Branched Chain Amino Acids, New Target of Germinated Brown Rice against Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Wan, W., Jiang, X., Zhao, R., Cai, F., Wu, F., Hu, Y., Zhou, X., Liu, Z., & Shan, Y. (2022) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.202200481 · Cited by 5
Impact of bio-processing treatments on the nutritional and anti-diabetic enzyme inhibitory properties of black wheat, barnyard millet, and black soybean
Goel, K., Kushwaha, A., Dutta, A., Sharma, S. K., Shahi, N. C., Joshi, D. C., Bhartiya, A., & Gupta, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1554993 · Cited by 4
Risk Estimates of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease among Different Whole Grain Food Consumption Categories: A Pilot Study
Wang, K., & Zhou, Q. (2022) · The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.14283/jpad.2022.91 · Cited by 4
“Secondly, WG foods lead to better glycolipid metabolism associated with a decreased risk for hypertension, diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia (13-17).”
Background
Effects of an Extract of the Brown Seaweed Ascophylum nodosum on Postprandial Glycaemic Control in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Study
Konić‐Ristić, A., Ryan, S., Attjioui, M., O’Connell, S., & Gibney, E. R. (2023) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md21060337 · Cited by 4
Dehulled Adlay (Coix lachryma-jobi L.) ameliorates hepatic gluconeogenesis and steatosis in streptozotocin/high-fat diet-induced diabetic rats
Liu, S., Wu, W.-H., Tzeng, H.-P., Chiang, W., & Chiang, M. (2023) · Journal of Food and Drug Analysis · doi:10.38212/2224-6614.3486 · Cited by 4
“Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that higher consumption of whole-grain foods is signi ﬁ cantly associated with a lower risk of T2DM and improve glycemic control and blood lipids in diabetic patients [9,32].”
Background
Unveiling the Roles of Immune Function and Inflammation in the Associations Between Dietary Patterns and Incident Type 2 Diabetes
Yang, G., Du, X., Wang, J., Jiang, X., Shi, S., Shen, J., & Zhong, V. W. (2024) · Journal of the American Nutrition Association · doi:10.1080/27697061.2024.2401053 · Cited by 4
Role of functional foods in diabetes management
Azmat, F., Naseer, M. S., Safdar, M., Bishoyi, A. K., Islam, F., Imran, A., Kanwal, N., Zahra, D. E., Kalia, R., & Zafar, A. (2024) · Nutrire · doi:10.1186/s41110-024-00304-4 · Cited by 4
“The few studies that have examined how whole grains affect insulin secretion in clinical populations have found that utilizing intravenous or oral glucose tolerance tests, dietary modifications that include whole grains improve early phase insulin secretion [16].”
Integration of LC–MS-based untargeted and targeted metabolomics to uncover novel whole-grain wheat dietary intake biomarkers in the plasma of the Chinese population
Yang, Y., Zhou, Y., Ye, W., Shi, H., Zhang, W., Peng, Y., Han, M., Shao, B., & Xu, Y. (2025) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2025.115740 · Cited by 4
Health and Economic Impacts of Increased Brown Rice Consumption on Type 2 Diabetes in Japan: A Simulation Study, 2019–2029
Ikeda, N., Yamaguchi, M., & Nishi, N. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17030532 · Cited by 4
“Brown rice, widely recognized as a whole grain in Japan, has been associated with a reduced risk of T2D [13–15].”
Dietary magnesium intake in relation to body mass index and glycemic indices in middle school students from the HEALTHY Study
Naseeb, M. A., Milliron, B., Bruneau, M., Sukumar, D., Foster, G., Smith, S. A., & Volpe, S. (2021) · Nutrition and Health · doi:10.1177/0260106020982345 · Cited by 5
“Diets high in fruits, vegetables and whole grains, which are excellent sources of magnesium, have been correlated with decreased incident of T2DM in adults (Hu et al., 2020; Zheng et al., 2020).”
Background
Opportunities for diet quality improvement: the potential role of staple grain foods
Fontanelli, M. D. M., Arroyo, A. M., Sales, C. H., Seal, C. J., & Fisberg, R. M. (2021) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980021001531 · Cited by 4
Ferulic acid identification in brown rice using untargeted metabolomics and network analysis and its effects in mitigating AFB1-induced hepatic damage
Wang, Q., Wang, G., Wang, Y., Fang, X. H., Fu, Y., Li, G., Huang, S., Ma, Q., & Zhao, L. (2025) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d5fo00178a · Cited by 3
The quality of spring common wheat varieties for making bread from whole grain flour
Askhadullin, D. F., Askhadullin, D. F., Василова, Н. З., Kirillova, E. S., Saubanova, G., Gaifullina, G. R., Хусаинова, И. И., & Tazutdinova, M. R. (2025) · Agrarian science · doi:10.32634/0869-8155-2025-398-09-125-133 · Cited by 3
Association of whole grain intake with cognitive function among middle-aged and older adults in China
Li, Y., Li, B., Peng, J., Deng, Y., Li, F., Wang, Z., Li, T., & Rong, S. (2025) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d5fo01862e · Cited by 3
The impact of whole grain consumption on metabolic health: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials
Huang, H., Lu, W., Hu, X., Chen, X., Shu, G., Wang, J., Zhu, M., Zhang, Z., & Zhang, S. (2025) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d5fo03240g · Cited by 3
Type 2 diabetes prediction without labs: a systems-level neural framework for risk and behavioral network reorganization
Kiran, M., Xie, Y., Ball, G., Anjum, N., Schutte, R., & Pierscionek, B. K. (2026) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1714545 · Cited by 3
Effect of dietary fiber-enriched brown rice crackers on suppressing elevation of blood glucose level
Suzuki, H., Watanabe, K., Ikeda, I., Takeda, Y., Hatta, M., Horikawa, C., Ferreira, E. D. A., Wu, S., KHIN, L. M., & Sone, H. (2023) · Functional Foods in Health and Disease · doi:10.31989/ffhd.v13i11.1231 · Cited by 3
Association between Whole Grain Intake and Chronic Kidney Disease
Xu, Z.-H., Qiu, C.-S., Qi, J., Tang, X.-L., Li, H., Zhang, L.-W., Du, L., Liao, D., Lai, S., Huang, H.-X., et al. (2024) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.02.013 · Cited by 4
A comprehensive review of biochemical, functional, and dietary implications of Gluten
Banu, Z., Somraj, B., Geetha, A., Khan, A. A., Srinu, B., Vamshi, J., Karunakar, J., & Saidaiah, P. (2024) · Annals of Phytomedicine An International Journal · doi:10.54085/ap.2024.13.1.19 · Cited by 3
“Several gluten-containing grains nutrients contribute to maintaining the brain and cognitive function, including folate and vitamin E (Hu et al ., 2020).”
Effect of granular and molecular structure of starch on physicochemical properties and digestibility of dough- and mature-stage rice
Wattanavanitchakorn, S., Wansuksri, R., Kamonsutthipaijit, N., Ranathunga, A., Kamolsukyeunyong, W., & Suwannaporn, P. (2025) · Food Chemistry X · doi:10.1016/j.fochx.2025.102643 · Cited by 3
Opportunities to increase whole grain intake within the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
Slavin, J. L., Sanders, L., & Stallings, V. A. (2022) · Cereal Chemistry · doi:10.1002/cche.10612 · Cited by 3
Proximate, nutraceutical composition and antimicrobial activities of Uvaria chamea (Udagu) seeds and oil
Ogbuanu, C. C., Nwagu, L. N., Ezeh, C. N., Achara, N. I., & Onwuatuegwu, J. T. C. (2024) · NEWPORT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC AND EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCES · doi:10.59298/nijses/2023/33.1.0151 · Cited by 3
Individual cereals intake is associated with progression of diabetes and diabetic chronic complications
Tang, S., Luo, W., Li, T., Chen, X., Zeng, Q., Gao, R., Kang, B., Peng, C., Wang, Z., Yang, S., et al. (2024) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2024.103127 · Cited by 3
Dysbiosis and Regulation of Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Minakshi, Kumari, H., Prakash, S., & Kumar, A. (2024) · Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology · doi:10.2174/0113892010318580240910061534 · Cited by 5
Longitudinal association of urinary DHPPA and DHBA with cardiometabolic risk markers in Chinese community-dwelling adults
Shao, Y., Sun, Z., Yin, K., Xu, M., Zhao, J., Zhang, Z., & Yang, W. (2025) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-025-03637-6 · Cited by 3
“Consistently, emerging epidemiological evidence suggested a beneficial association between whole grain intake and cardiometabolic health outcomes including coronary heart disease (CHD) [8, 9], type 2 diabetes (T2D) [10, 11] and several metabolic risk markers [12, 13].”
Comparison Study of Nontreated and Fermented Wheat Varieties ‘Ada’, ‘Sarta’, and New Breed Blue and Purple Wheat Lines Wholemeal Flour
Bartkienė, E., Starkutė, V., Zokaitytė, E., Klupšaitė, D., Mockus, E., Bartkevičs, V., Borisova, A., Gružauskas, R., Liatukas, Ž., & Ruzgas, V. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11070966 · Cited by 4
Grain-Based Dietary Background Impairs Restoration of Blood Flow and Skeletal Muscle During Hindlimb Ischemia in Comparison With Low-Fat and High-Fat Diets
Stafeev, I., Boldyreva, M. A., Michurina, S. S., Mamontova, E. D., Ratner, E. I., Menshikov, M. Y., & Parfyonova, Y. V. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.809732 · Cited by 3
Whole grain component: An innovative whole grain model ingredient to glycemic control in diabetic mice via the function of GLP-1
Chen, X., Jiang, M., Liu, J., & Zhang, G. (2025) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2025.106549 · Cited by 3
Relationship between overall diet quality and composition and diarrhea in American adults: a cross-sectional study
Wu, J., Lin, X., Zeng, Q., Zeng, X., Cao, G., Xie, M., Luo, J., Li, L., Zeng, G., & Liu, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1570733 · Cited by 2
Impact of whole-grain interventions on serum vitamin D levels in individuals at risk of diabetes
Liu, T., Wang, L., Ou, L., Feng, J., Cheng, J., & Gong, Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1658961 · Cited by 2
“Evidence from prospective studies suggests that the bioactive properties of whole grains are associated with a reduced risk of several metabolic diseases (including diabetes), with possible mechanisms of action comprising anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and cryoprotection (5, 6).”
The Role of Changes in Cumulative Lipid Parameter Burden in the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cohort Study of People Aged 35–65 Years in Rural China
Wang, Q., Xie, T., Zhang, T., Deng, Y.-J., Zhang, Y., Wu, Q., Dong, M., & Luo, X. (2022) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s363692 · Cited by 2
Effect of weight change on the association between overall and source of carbohydrate intake and risk of metabolic syndrome: Tehran lipid and glucose study
Hosseinpour‐Niazi, S., Bakhshi, B., Mirmiran, P., Gaeini, Z., Hadaegh, F., & Azizi, F. (2023) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s12986-023-00761-0 · Cited by 2
“With regards to whole grains intake, results from the current study corroborate with some [53], but not all the previous population-based cohort studies [54, 55].”
BackgroundResult
Multiple Trajectories of Cereal Consumption and Their Associations with Type 2 Diabetes in Chinese Adults — China, 1997–2018
Liu, M., Wang, Z., Huang, F., Li, W., Wang, Z., Wang, H., & Ding, G. (2023) · China CDC Weekly · doi:10.46234/ccdcw2023.172 · Cited by 2
Trends and Characteristics of Brown Rice Consumption among Adults in Japan: An Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Surveys, 2012–2019
Ikeda, N., Yamaguchi, M., & Nishi, N. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16101473 · Cited by 2
“Renowned for its abundant health benefits, brown rice has been linked to a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes in prospective cohort studies conducted among nurses and health professionals in the United States [5,11,12].”
Background
Association between intake of whole grain and periodontitis among adults in the United States: a population-based study
Guo, S., Feng, J., Wang, Y., & Li, H. (2024) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/09637486.2024.2420265 · Cited by 2
“…diseases, including but not limited to cancer (Slavin 2004; Aune et al. 2016; Vieira et al. 2017; Gaesser 2020; Watling et al. 2024), cardiovascular disease (Anderson 2003; Chen et al. 2016), diabetes (Aune et al. 2013; Hu et al. 2020; Jenkins et al. 2024), and obesity (Harland and Garton 2008).”
Nutritional Benefits of Cereals and Pseudo-cereals
Talabi, A. O., & Nhamo, N. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823960-5.00022-6 · Cited by 2
Implications of Plant Foods in Weight Management: Focus on Metabolic Health
Jurek, J. M. (2022) · Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences · doi:10.37871/jbres1618 · Cited by 1
Grain Intake and Cardiometabolic Health—Towards Precision Nutrition
Liu, X., Shi, L. S., & Sun, L. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15214605 · Cited by 3
“A typical example could be that popcorn intake has been positively associated with type 2 diabetes [5] and coronary heart disease [6] based on prospective studies in the United States.”
Background
Effects of an Extract of the Brown Seaweed Ascophylum nodosum on Postprandial Glycaemic Control in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized Controlled StudyPreprint
Konić‐Ristić, A., Ryan, S., Attjioui, M., O’Connell, S., & Gibney, E. R. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0187.v1 · Cited by 1
OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS CONDITIONS FOR GERMINATING PIGMENTED RED KAVUNI RICE USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY (RSM)
Kanmani, K. (2022) · YMER Digital · doi:10.37896/ymer21.07/76 · Cited by 1
Saudi Consensus on Medical Nutrition Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Alsheikh, A., Abulmeaty, M. M. A., Al-Othman, A. M., Bawazeer, N. M., Hamdy, O., Alsifri, S. N., & Issak, E. R. (2023) · Saudi Journal of Medicine · doi:10.36348/sjm.2023.v08i12.001 · Cited by 2
Eco-friendly one-step egg white gel preparation for sensitive detection of 13 trichothecenes in oats using UHPLC-MS/MS
Xiao, N., Du, R., Ye, Y., Ji, J., Jin, S., Li, J., Liu, T., Chen, P., Cao, J., & Sun, X. (2024) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-024-05438-y · Cited by 1
“Because of their rich and Xiao Ning and Ranran Du contributed equally to this work. balanced nutritional composition and convenient consumption, oats have become a popular whole-grain food with high social acceptance as a healthy food [2].”
Comparing a Whole Grain Blend with Polished White Rice for Starch Digestibility and Gut Microbiota Fermentation in Diabetic Patients: An In Vitro Study
Du, Q., Fu, R., Zhao, M., & Xu, M. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14152557 · Cited by 1
“These components have been shown to lower postprandial glycemic levels, enhance insulin sensitivity, and reduce systemic inflammation, suggesting notable benefits of whole grains in diabetes management [13,14].”
Fortified rice with micronutrients and bioactive compounds: A review of its role in addressing micronutrient deficiencies and non-communicable diseases
Bandara, D. L., Wansapala, M. A. J., Wickramasinghe, I., Subodinee, A. A. M., & Amaradisi, W. D. S. A. (2025) · Food and Humanity · doi:10.1016/j.foohum.2025.100836 · Cited by 2
Eating Behavior Traits and Success in Dietary Changes in Men with Prediabetes – the T2D-GENE Intervention
Koivu, N., Lankinen, M. A., & Schwab, U. (2026) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/10901981251411226 · Cited by 1
“Despite modest associations, CR may support T2D prevention in men with prediabetes, given the protective role of wholegrain-rich diets (Hu et al., 2020).”
Associations Between Ultra-Processed Food (UPF) Consumption and Weight Change and Obesity Risk Among Consumers of Plant-Based Diets: A Systematic Review
Gbaa, T. S., Yao, Q., Herrera, Y. M., & Vadiveloo, M. K. (2026) · Journal of the American Nutrition Association · doi:10.1080/27697061.2026.2660795 · Cited by 2
Type 2 diabetes and gut health - Narrative review
Lunghar, J., & Banu, A. T. (2024) · International Journal of Noncommunicable Diseases · doi:10.4103/jncd.jncd_15_24 · Cited by 1
Risk Factors for Type II Diabetes: The Role of Ultra-processed Foods
Oh, H. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32047-7_71-1 · Cited by 1
Consumption of sorghum-based products and their impact on blood glucose and satiety in adult patients: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis
Passos, G. A. L., Moraes, É. A., & Lopes‐Júnior, L. C. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0330998 · Cited by 1
“These benefits are largely attributed to the higher content of dietary fiber, antioxidants, and phytochemicals found in whole grains [2].”
Dietary Fiber
Mathias, D. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65961-8_26 · Cited by 1
Nutritional Behaviors of Women and Men in Poland During Confinement Related to the SARS-CoV-2 EpidemicPreprint
Bolesławska, I., Błaszczyk-Bębenek, E., Jagielski, P., Jagielska, A. M., & Przysławski, J. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-431069/v1 · Cited by 1
Whole grains and chronic disease risk
Sawicki, C. M., McKeown, N. M., Goon, S., & Bhupathiraju, S. N. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821848-8.00083-4 · Cited by 1
A Multi-state Non-Markov Framework to Estimate Progression of Chronic DiseasePreprint
Ding, M., Chen, H., & Lin, F. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.02.15.24302901 · Cited by 1
Beyond isocaloric models: enhancing dietary research for severe liver disease
Peng, Y., Yang, Z., & Yao, Z. (2024) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.06.026 · Cited by 1
Ballaststoffe
Mathias, D. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-64209-2_26
Differences in health behavior and nutrient intake status between diabetes-aware and unaware Korean adults based on the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey 2016–18 data: A cross-sectional study
Sharma, A., Chen, L., Song, K., & Lee, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1005369
PRODUCT FORMULATION, ANALYSIS, AND SHELF-LIFE OF ROOT CROP BISCUITS WITH GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES
Ballera-Oficial, L. J. (2023) · IARJSET · doi:10.17148/iarjset.2023.107114
Comorbid Conditions of Pediatric Obesity
Benavent, M. M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26727-7_6
Genetic Improvement of Foxtail Millet Through Advanced Biotechnological Methods
Rajyaguru, R. H., Nataraja, M. V., Padiya, P. S., Bhalani, H. N., & Tomar, R. S. S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-7232-6_16
Investigation and description of the New Brain and New Mind hypotheses
Klinedinst, B. S. (2021) · doi:10.31274/td-20240329-457
Adaptability of 2 cellulase producing strains Bacillus sp. SH and Aspergillus oryzae Y21 in whole wheat dough and impact on the quality of whole wheat bread
Liu, Y., Zhong, S., Wei, X., Fan, M., Cai, M., Wang, Z., & Wang, J. (2024) · Food Science and Human Wellness · doi:10.26599/fshw.2024.9250149 · Cited by 1
“Several recent studies have shown that increasing the intake of whole grains, such as wheat flour products containing bran, helps to reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes, chronic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and intestinal diseases [3-5] .”
Importance of cereal consumption in diabetes management: A comparative study
Ambekar, O., Shewale, M., & Puri, P. (2025) · International Journal of Advanced Biochemistry Research · doi:10.33545/26174693.2025.v9.i4sg.4228
Integrative Approach in Diabetes
ROUVIERE, M., Viera, N., & Lam, D. W.-H. (2025) · Nutrition and health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87441-3_23
Synergistic impact on postprandial glycemic response to whole grain fonio flour (Digitaria iburua) by its particle size and released phenolic compounds
Fall, M., Hlaing, K. S. S., Jiang, M., & Zhang, G. (2025) · Journal of Cereal Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcs.2025.104250 · Cited by 1
Impact of processing technologies on nutrients and nutrient bioavailability
TAYLOR, J. R. N., & Kruger, J. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23954-0.00008-2
Diet and the Risk of Multiple Sclerosis: Evidence With UK Biobank Nested Case–Control Study and Mendelian Randomization Analysis
Chen, L., Pang, X., Zhou, L., Song, W., Zhang, L., Zhu, L., Li, W., Dong, M., Yang, S., Xiao, J., et al. (2025) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.70313
“Several studies have proved that whole grain intake is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes [39, 40].”
A Culinary Medicine Perspective on Whole Grain Oats
Hanus, A. (2025) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276251397823
Additional file 1 of A dual-quenched ECL immunosensor for ultrasensitive detection of retinol binding protein 4 based on luminol@AuPt/ZIF-67 and MnO2@CNTs
Gong, W., Yang, S., Zhang, F., Tian, F., Chen, J., Yin, Z., Ding, S., Yang, W., & Luo, R. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16590443
Additional file 2 of Effects of whole grains on glycemic control: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials
Ying, T., Zheng, J., Kan, J., Li, W., Xue, K., Du, J., Liu, Y., & He, G. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26712068
Additional file 1 of Effects of whole grains on glycemic control: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials
Ying, T., Zheng, J., Kan, J., Li, W., Xue, K., Du, J., Liu, Y., & He, G. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26712065
Additional file 1 of Intake of whole grain foods and risk of coronary heart disease in US men and women
Hu, Y., Willett, W. C., Manson, J. A. E., ROSNER, B. A., Hu, F. B., & Sun, Q. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20046999
Additional file 1 of Estimating effects of whole grain consumption on type 2 diabetes, colorectal cancer and cardiovascular disease: a burden of proof study
Liu, H., Zhu, J., Gao, R., Ding, L., Yang, Y., Zhao, W., Cui, X., Lu, W., Wang, J., & Li, Y. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26720028
Additional file 3 of Effects of whole grains on glycemic control: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials
Ying, T., Zheng, J., Kan, J., Li, W., Xue, K., Du, J., Liu, Y., & He, G. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26712071
The effects of nutrition on type 2 diabetes risk and management: A systematic review of studies published between 2015 and 2025
Sert, T., & Ak, G. Ş. (2026) · Journal of Surgery and Medicine · doi:10.28982/josam.8380
The nutritional and health benefits of ready-to-eat-cereal consumption: an updated technical review of global evidence
Sanders, L. M., Swier, V., Hou, A. Q., Trivedi, M., & Michalski, E. S. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1778338
Research Progress on Cereal Consumption and Cardiovascular Health in Diabetic Patients
Li, Z., Wang, Q., Pu, X., Xiang, P., Bai, B., & Li, C. (2026) · Health Medicine and Therapeutics · doi:10.63313/hmt.9028
Sustainable dietary recommendations for the Spanish population
López‐García, E., Irene, B. L., Díaz‐Perales, A., Moreno-Arribas, M. V., Portillo, M. P., Rivas, A., Fresán, U., Parro-Magán, L., Carretero, C. R., & Carlos-Chillerón, M. Á. (2026) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-026-01795-2
“Evidence from observational studies suggests that the consumption of plant-based protein foods instead of protein foods of animal origin is associated with a lower risk of developing cardiovascular diseases [51, 52], fragility, cognitive impairment, and premature mortality [53 – 56].”
Health Benefits of Millets
Ceasar, S. A. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-27848-7_4
Whole-Grain Staple Replacement and Cardiometabolic Phenotypes in Adults at High Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: An Extended Randomized-Trial Analysis with NHANES and Country-Level Context
Dong, W., Wang, Y., Liu, Z., Ou, L., Zhuo, Q., Gong, Z., & Liu, T. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18172758
A narrative review of what cohorts have taught us and how they have laid the foundation for much of our understanding of type 2 diabetes
Kim, S. H., Arora, I., Agyemang, C. O., Anjana, R. M., Åsvold, B. O., Blom, M. T., Bhupathiraju, S. N., Bonnefond, A., Chan, J. C. N., Davis, T. M. E., et al. (2026) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-026-06812-4
Patterns of Food Consumption of a Sample of College Students Using Superseded Canada’s Food Guide
Moghadasian, M. H., & Khawar, H. (2026) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods15183307
“Another review of 3 prospective cohort studies concluded that higher consumption of whole-grain food products was significantly associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes [28].”
Associations of Dietary Patterns, Daily Nutrient Intakes, and Food-Group Intakes with Hyperglycemia in Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy
Lim, K. H., & Kim, J. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18193249
“White rice and refined grains have been associated with an increased risk of diabetes, whereas whole-grain intake has been associated with a lower incidence of type 2 diabetes [28–30].”

Authors: Hu, Y., Ding, M., Sampson, L., Willett, W. C., Manson, J. E., Wang, M., Rosner, B., Hu, F. B., & Sun, Q.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
Corresponding author: Sun, Qi
ORCID: Hu, Yang
Ding, Ming
Willett, Walter C
Manson, JoAnn E
Wang, Molin
Rosner, Bernard
Hu, Frank B
Sun, Qi
Venue: BMJ
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2020-07-08
Volume: 370
Pages: m2206
ISSN: 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m2206
PMC: PMC7341349
OpenAlex: W3040770042
Cited by: 202
References: 61
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 3
FWCI: 17.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: BMJ (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (CA176726, CA-167552)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL035464, R01HL034594)
National Cancer Institute (UM1CA186107)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK120870, R01DK112940)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Keywords: whole grains, type 2 diabetes, whole grain intake, popcorn, oatmeal, brown rice, wheat germ, dose-response relationship, diabetes risk factors, Nurses' Health Study, Health Professionals Follow-up Study, Nurses' Health Study II, dietary risk factors, lifestyle risk factors, nonlinear relationship, women and men comparison
MeSH terms: Whole Grains, Diet, Healthy, Adult, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Intake of whole grain foods and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three prospective cohort studies

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks