Impact of lockdown and school closure on children’s health and well-being during the first wave of COVID-19: a narrative review
Open accessAbstract
Background: In the context of containment measures against the COVID-19 pandemic, the aims were to examine the impact of lockdown and school closures on childs' and adolescents' health and well-being and social inequalities in health. Methods: Literature review by searching five databases until November 2020. We included quantitative peer-reviewed studies reporting health and well-being outcomes in children (0-18 years) related to closure measures' impact due to COVID-19. A pair of authors assessed the risk of bias of included studies. A descriptive and narrative synthesis was carried out. Findings: Twenty-two studies, including high-income, middle-income and low-income countries, fulfilled our search criteria and were judged not to have an increased risk of bias. Studies from Australia, Spain and China showed an increase in depressive symptoms and decrease in life satisfaction. A decrease in physical activity and increase in unhealthy food consumption were shown in studies from two countries. There was a decrease in the number of visits to the emergency department in four countries, an increase in child mortality in Cameroon and a decrease by over 50% of immunisations administered in Pakistan. A significant drop of 39% in child protection medical examination referrals during 2020 compared with the previous years was found in the UK, a decrease in allegations of child abuse and neglect by almost one-third due to school closures in Florida, and an increase in the number of children with physical child abuse trauma was found in one centre in the USA. Interpretation: From available reports, pandemic school closure and lockdown have adverse effects on child health and well-being in the short and probably long term. We urge governments to take the negative public health consequences into account before adopting restrictive measures in childhood.
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The movement away from in-person instruction during the 2020-2021 school year reduced student achievement, worsened children's mental health, and decreased school enrollment.
“There is a growing body of literature suggesting that the movement away from in-person instruction during the 2020-2021 school year reduced student achievement,8,10,11,12 worsened children’s mental health,13,14,15,16 and decreased school enrollment.17,18”
From Virtual Learning in Kindergarten Through Grade 12 During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Chronic Absenteeism (2024) · cites this paper as [13]
The Results > Mental health section (page unavailable) reports increased depressive symptoms and other adverse mental-health outcomes during school closure and lockdown. The review concerns the first wave of COVID-19, however, and does not establish that these findings occurred during the 2020–2021 school year. The other citations in the sentence attach to achievement and enrollment, not to this source’s mental-health finding. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Rajmil, L., Hjern, A., Boran, P., Gunnlaugsson, G., Kraus de Camargo, O., & Raman, S.
- Affiliations
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Marmara University (TR)
- University of Iceland (IS)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Venue
- BMJ Paediatrics Open
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2021-05
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e001043
- ISSN
- 2399-9772 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8154298
- OpenAlex
- W3165526214
- Cited by
- 166
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 12
- FWCI
- 4.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMJ Paediatrics Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dspace Repository (Marmara Üniversitesi) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- MacSphere (McMaster University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Child and Adolescent Health
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Social impacts of COVID-19
- Keywords
- COVID-19 lockdown, school closures, child health, child well-being, adolescents, depressive symptoms, life satisfaction, physical activity, unhealthy food consumption, emergency department visits, child mortality, vaccine uptake, child protection, child abuse, health disparities
- MeSH terms
- Child Health, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Child, Communicable Disease Control, Humans, Schools, Pandemics
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