Physical and Psychological Impact of Surgery on the Operating Surgeon
Open accessAbstract
The impact of surgery on the surgeon's well-being encompasses both physical and psychological aspects. Physically, surgeons are at risk of work-related musculoskeletal symptoms due to the nature of their work, and this risk can be impacted by theater environment, equipment design, and workload. Many symptoms will be self-limiting, but work related musculoskeletal symptoms can lead to the development of an injury, which can have far reaching effects, including the need for medical or surgical treatment, time away from work, or a change in clinical duties. Additionally, surgery can place a significant cognitive workload on the lead operator and this can be exacerbated, or alleviated, by the surgical environment, experience of the assistance, surgical modality, and case complexity. Measuring and quantifying the impact of surgery on the surgeon is a challenging undertaking. Tools such as motion capture, physiological markers, including heart rate variability and salivary cortisol, and questionnaires can provide insights into understanding the overall impact of surgery on the surgeon. A holistic approach that incorporates injury prevention strategies, communication, and support, is vital in assessing and mitigating risk factors. Injury prevention assessment tools and interventions that can be used within the busy surgical environment are needed, alongside increased ergonomic awareness. Addressing the impact of surgery on the surgeon is a multifaceted challenge, and long term positive changes can only be sustained with the support of the whole surgical team and healthcare organizations by developing and maintaining a supportive working environment.
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Physical discomfort can increase cognitive load and impair motor control, negatively affecting clinical results.
“Although no specific study has investigated how the discomfort a clinician experiences from computer workstation setup directly affects diagnostic performance in clinical environments, a study on surgical performance showed that physical discomfort can increase cognitive load and impair motor control, which can negatively affect clinical results [310].”
From Toward Safer Diagnoses: A SEIPS-Based Narrative Review of Diagnostic Errors (2026) · cites this paper as [310]
The Introduction discusses the potential impact of surgeons’ pain on motor control and patient outcomes, while the Psychological Impact section says excessive stress can impair technical performance. But the paper does not establish that physical discomfort increases cognitive load; its Introduction identifies other factors that increase it. The cited work is also a review, not a surgical-performance study demonstrating the full causal chain. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Strataki, K., Nasser, S., Nikolova, T., Chacón, E., Hajj, H. E., Cokan, A., Ángeles, M. A., Pakiž, M., Gorp, T. V., & Fotopoulou, C. (2025) · International Journal of Gynecological Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ijgc.2025.102748
Mutlu, N. G., Özüağ, D., Demirtaş, N., Gençel, C., & Sönmez, G. (2025) · DergiPark (Istanbul University)
The surgeon’s existential crisis: challenges and the threat to the profession
Boghdady, M. E. (2026) · Updates in Surgery · doi:10.1007/s13304-026-02688-6
Zhang, L., Feng, Y., Li, D., & Liu, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1900907
Pasten, A., Ripoll, R., Domènech, A., & Krauel, L. (2026) · Journal of Pediatric Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2026.163530
Amirthanayagam, A., Zecca, M., Chitrakar, A., Chavda, V., & Moss, E. L. (2026) · Journal of Robotic Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11701-026-04077-y
Self-citation
- Authors
- Amirthanayagam, A., O'Neill, S., Goss, C., & Moss, E. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Leicester (GB)
- University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Moss, Esther L
- Venue
- International Journal of Gynecological Cancer
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-03
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 459-467
- ISSN
- 1048-891X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4392374426
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 1.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Gynecological Cancer (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Safety in Workplaces
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Surgical Simulation and Training
- Keywords
- surgeon well-being, work-related musculoskeletal symptoms, occupational injuries, mental workload, operating room environment, surgical instrument design, workload, heart rate variability, salivary cortisol, motion capture, injury prevention, human factors, psychological impact of surgery
- MeSH terms
- Communication, Equipment Design, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Physical Examination, Surgeons
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