Cited by 315Traumatic Brain Injury ResearchTraumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular DisturbancesTrauma and Emergency Care Studies

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Disability in young people and adults after head injury: 12–14 year follow-up of a prospective cohort

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McMillan, Thomas M, Teasdale, Graham M, Stewart, Elaine·2012·Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

DOI 10.1136/jnnp-2012-302746

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: There is a need to establish how long term outcome evolves after head injury (HI) and factors related to this, to inform opportunities for intervention. OBJECTIVE: To determine late outcome in adults 12-14 years after hospital admission for HI and to examine relationships between injury, early and late factors, and disability. METHODS: A prospective cohort with HI, whose outcome was reported previously at 1 and 5-7 years after injury, were followed up after 12-14 years. Participants were assessed using structured and validated measures of disability (Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended), psychological well being, alcohol use and health status. RESULTS: Of 219 survivors followed-up at 5-7 years, 34 (15.5%) had died by 12-14 years. Disability remained common in survivors at 12-14 years (51%), as found at 1 and 5-7 years (53%). For those disabled at 1 year, outcome was poor, with 80% dead or disabled at 12-14 years. Older age at injury, a premorbid history of brain illness or physical disability and post-injury low self-esteem and stress were associated with disability at 12-14 years. Disability changed between 5-7 and 12-14 years in 55% of survivors, improving in 23%. Late changes in disability between 5-7 and 12-14 years were associated with self-perceptions of locus of control as being 'powerful others' at 5-7 years. CONCLUSIONS: Disability is common 12-14 years after hospital admission with a HI. For some there is a dynamic process of change in disability over time that is associated with self-perceptions of control that could be a target for intervention based research.

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Authors: McMillan, T. M., Teasdale, G. M., & Stewart, E.
Affiliations: University of Glasgow (GB)
Corresponding author: McMillan, Thomas M
ORCID: McMillan, Thomas M
Stewart, Elaine
Venue: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2012-05-29
Volume: 83
Issue: 11
Pages: 1086-1091
ISSN: 0022-3050 (ISSN-L)
1468-330X
DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-302746
OpenAlex: W2162231203
Cited by: 315
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 20
FWCI: 21.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Trauma and Emergency Care Studies
Keywords: traumatic brain injury, long-term outcomes, disability, adolescents, young adults, Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended, mortality, self-esteem, locus of control, psychological well-being, alcohol consumption, health status, age at injury
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Disability Evaluation, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Craniocerebral Trauma, Health Status, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Glasgow Outcome Scale

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Disability in young people and adults after head injury: 12–14 year follow-up of a prospective cohort

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