Cited by 315Traumatic Brain Injury ResearchTraumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular DisturbancesTrauma and Emergency Care Studies

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Disability in young people and adults after head injury: 12–14 year follow-up of a prospective cohort

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McMillan, Thomas M, Teasdale, Graham M, Stewart, Elaine·2012·Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

DOI 10.1136/jnnp-2012-302746

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: There is a need to establish how long term outcome evolves after head injury (HI) and factors related to this, to inform opportunities for intervention. OBJECTIVE: To determine late outcome in adults 12-14 years after hospital admission for HI and to examine relationships between injury, early and late factors, and disability. METHODS: A prospective cohort with HI, whose outcome was reported previously at 1 and 5-7 years after injury, were followed up after 12-14 years. Participants were assessed using structured and validated measures of disability (Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended), psychological well being, alcohol use and health status. RESULTS: Of 219 survivors followed-up at 5-7 years, 34 (15.5%) had died by 12-14 years. Disability remained common in survivors at 12-14 years (51%), as found at 1 and 5-7 years (53%). For those disabled at 1 year, outcome was poor, with 80% dead or disabled at 12-14 years. Older age at injury, a premorbid history of brain illness or physical disability and post-injury low self-esteem and stress were associated with disability at 12-14 years. Disability changed between 5-7 and 12-14 years in 55% of survivors, improving in 23%. Late changes in disability between 5-7 and 12-14 years were associated with self-perceptions of locus of control as being 'powerful others' at 5-7 years. CONCLUSIONS: Disability is common 12-14 years after hospital admission with a HI. For some there is a dynamic process of change in disability over time that is associated with self-perceptions of control that could be a target for intervention based research.

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Background
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Background
A cohort study of outcomes following head injury among children and young adults in full-time education
Pickering, A., Grundy, K., Clarke, A., & Townend, W. (2011) · Emergency Medicine Journal · doi:10.1136/emj.2010.094755 · Cited by 14
Traumatic brain injury and frontal lobe plasticity
Bernier, R. A., & Hillary, F. G. (2019) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804281-6.00022-7 · Cited by 17
Long-term beneficial effects of hematopoietic growth factors on brain repair in the chronic phase of severe traumatic brain injury
Qiu, X., Ping, S., Kyle, M. M., Chin, L. S., & Zhao, L. (2020) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113335 · Cited by 15
Peptide Pharmacological Approaches to Treating Traumatic Brain Injury: a Case for Arginine-Rich Peptides
Chiu, L. S., Anderton, R. S., Knuckey, N. W., & Meloni, B. P. (2016) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-016-0287-3 · Cited by 14
Trajectory of functional outcome and health status after moderate-to-major trauma in Hong Kong: A prospective 5 year cohort study
Rainer, T. H., Hung, K. K. C., Yeung, J. H. H., Cheung, C. S. K., Leung, Y. K., Leung, L. Y., Goggins, W. B., Ho, H. F., Kam, C. W., Cheung, N. K., et al. (2019) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2019.02.017 · Cited by 14
A learning setup for a post-coma adolescent with profound multiple disabilities involving small forehead movements and new microswitch technology
Lancioni, G. E., Singh, N. N., O’Reilly, M. F., Sigafoos, J., Didden, R., Oliva, D., Calzolari, C., & Montironi, G. (2007) · Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/17483100701308635 · Cited by 14
Neuroinflammatory Response in the Traumatic Brain Injury: An Update
Kursancew, A. C. S., Faller, C. J., Bortoluzzi, D. P., Niero, L. B., Brandão, B., Danielski, L. G., Petronilho, F. C., & Generoso, J. S. (2024) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-024-04316-4 · Cited by 13
How effective are some common treatments for traumatic brain injury?
Ker, K., Perel, P., Blackhall, K., & Roberts, I. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.a865 · Cited by 13
Component analysis of verbal fluency performance in younger participants with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury
Cralidis, A., & Lundgren, K. (2014) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699052.2014.896945 · Cited by 13
Biomarker evidence of neurodegeneration in mid-life former rugby players
Graham, N., Zimmerman, K. A., Hain, J., Rooney, E. J., Lee, Y., Giovane, M. D., Parker, T. D., Wilson, M. G., Malhotra, P., David, M., et al. (2025) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaf152 · Cited by 12
Long-Term Vocational Outcome at 15 Years from Severe Traumatic and Non-Traumatic Brain Injury in Pediatric Age
Strazzer, S., Pastore, V., Frigerio, S., Colombo, K., Galbiati, S., Locatelli, F., & Galbiati, S. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13071000 · Cited by 12
Ten-year mortality after severe traumatic brain injury in western Sweden: A case control study
Ulfarsson, T., Lundgren‐Nilsson, Å., Blomstrand, C., Jakobsson, K., Odén, A., Nilsson, M., & Rosén, T. (2014) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699052.2014.947625 · Cited by 12
Brain-Check nach Schädel-Hirn-Trauma
Schmehl, I., Johl, U., Sparenberg, P., Kinze, S., Dähne, F., & Rogge, W. (2011) · Trauma und Berufskrankheit · doi:10.1007/s10039-010-1703-y · Cited by 12
Study Design Features Associated with Patient Attrition in Studies of Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review
Richter, S., Stevenson, S., Newman, T., Wilson, L., Maas, A. I. R., Nieboer, D., Lingsma, H. F., Steyerberg, E. W., & Newcombe, V. (2020) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2020.7000 · Cited by 12
Cognitive Rehabilitation: Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Relevance of OTPF
Vas, A., Luedtke, A., Ortiz, E., Mackie, N., & Gonzalez, S. (2023) · Occupational Therapy International · doi:10.1155/2023/8135592 · Cited by 12
Factors affecting functional outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury sequelae: Our single-center experiences on brain injury rehabilitation
Demir, Y. (2019) · Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.5606/tftrd.2019.2281 · Cited by 12
Factors influencing community case management and care hours for clients with traumatic brain injury living in the UK
Clark-Wilson, J., Giles, G. M., Seymour, S., Tasker, R., Baxter, D. M., & Holloway, M. (2016) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699052.2016.1146799 · Cited by 12
“[57] describe a large cohort of young people and adults with TBI.”
Background
Posttraumatic Amnesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Proposal for a New Severity Classification
Vile, A., Jang, K., Gourlay, D., & Marshman, L. A. G. (2022) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2022.03.018 · Cited by 11
Clinical outcomes evolve years after traumatic brain injury
Sharp, D. J., & Graham, N. (2023) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-023-00868-1 · Cited by 11
Long-term outcome of traumatic brain injury patients with initial GCS of 3–5
Zuniga, R. D. D. R., Vieira, R. D. C. A., Solla, D. J. F., Godoy, D. A., Kolias, A. G., de Amorim, R. L. O., de Andrade, A. F., Teixeira, M. J., & Paiva, W. S. (2024) · World Neurosurgery X · doi:10.1016/j.wnsx.2024.100361 · Cited by 11
“24 According to previously reported data, outcomes appear to change only after larger intervals (e.g., years 1 – 5) rather than annually in a 9-year analysis.”
A comparison of PHQ-9 and TBI-QOL depression measures among individuals with traumatic brain injury.
Cohen, M. L., Holdnack, J. A., Kisala, P. A., & Tulsky, D. S. (2018) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/rep0000216 · Cited by 11
Preventive effects of seat belts on traumatic brain injury in motor vehicle collisions classified by crash severities and collision directions
Kim, J., Kim, S. C., Lee, K. H., Kim, H. J., Kim, H., Lee, S.-W., Na, D.-S., & Park, J. S. (2019) · European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00068-019-01095-4 · Cited by 11
“1 3 Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health issue, which can devastate socioeconomic life by accompanying morbidity and disability with cognitive impairment [1, 2].”
Background
Impact of mild traumatic brain injury on cingulate functions
Michel, B. F., Sambuchi, N., & Vogt, B. A. (2019) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64196-0.00010-8 · Cited by 11
Improvement in Functional Outcome from 6 to 12 Months After Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Is Frequent, But May Not Be Detected With the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended
Pantelatos, R. I., Stenberg, J., Follestad, T., Sandrød, O., Einarsen, C. E., Vik, A., & Skandsen, T. (2024) · Neurotrauma Reports · doi:10.1089/neur.2023.0109 · Cited by 8
Prevalence and Correlates of Depressive Symptoms Within 6 Months After First-Time Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Roy, D., Ghosh, A., Yan, H., Leoutsakos, J., Rao, V., Peters, M. E., Meter, T. E. V., Sair, H. I., Falk, H. J., Korley, F. K., et al. (2022) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.21080207 · Cited by 12
Epidemiologic study in hospitalized patients with head injuries
Aras, Y., Sabancı, P. A., Ünal, T. C., Aydöseli, A., & İzgi, N. (2016) · European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00068-016-0668-3 · Cited by 10
Getting clocked: screening for TBI-related cognitive impairment with the clock drawing test
Hazan, E., Zhang, J., Brenkel, M., Shulman, K. I., & Feinstein, A. (2017) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2017.1376763 · Cited by 10
“Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBIs) are amajor public health concern and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality (1,2).”
Background
Editorial: Impact of Traumatic Brain Injuries on Participation in Daily Life and Work: Recent Research and Future Directions
Anđelić, N., Løvstad, M., Norup, A., Ponsford, J. L., & Røe, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.01153 · Cited by 10
Virtual reality as a method of cognitive training of processing speed, working memory, and sustained attention in persons with acquired brain injury: a protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Johansen, T. E. B., Matre, M. E., Løvstad, M., Lund, A. D., Martinsen, A. C. T., Olsen, A., Becker, F., Brunborg, C., Ponsford, J. L., Spikman, J. M., et al. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08178-7 · Cited by 11
Long-term life expectancy in severe traumatic brain injury: a systematic review
TANTI, A. D., Bruni, S., Bonavita, J., Zadra, A., Ciavarella, M. C., Cannavò, G., & Saviola, D. (2024) · European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.23736/s1973-9087.24.08461-2 · Cited by 9
Neuropsychological, Functional, and Behavioral Outcome in South African Traumatic Brain Injury Litigants
Gouse, H., Thomas, K. G. F., & Solms, M. (2012) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acs100 · Cited by 9
Doxycycline improves traumatic brain injury outcomes in a murine survival model
Malek, A. J., Robinson, B. D., Hitt, A. R., Shaver, C. N., Tharakan, B., & Isbell, C. L. (2020) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0000000000002801 · Cited by 9
Dynamics of clinical recovery during the early phase of rehabilitation in patients with severe traumatic and non-traumatic brain injury
Oujamaa, L., Francony, G., Boucheix, P., Schilte, C., Bouzat, P., Pérennou, D. A., & Payen, J. (2017) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2017.1376759 · Cited by 12
Head injury rehabilitation: the role of a neurotrauma clinic
Seeley, H. M., Kirker, S. G. B., Harkin, C. D., Dias, C. L. C. A., Richards, H. K., Pickard, J. D., & Hutchinson, P. J. (2009) · British Journal of Neurosurgery · doi:10.1080/02688690903078874 · Cited by 8
Humanising health and social care: What do family members of people with a severe acquired brain injury value most in service provision
Holloway, M., & Ellis‐Hill, C. (2022) · Brain Impairment · doi:10.1017/brimp.2021.36 · Cited by 8
Protocol for a living systematic review for the management of concussion in adults
Lithopoulos, A., Bayley, M. T., Curran, D., Fischer, L. K., Knee, C., Lauzon, J., Nevison, M., Velikonja, D., & Marshall, S. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061282 · Cited by 8

Authors: McMillan, T. M., Teasdale, G. M., & Stewart, E.
Affiliations: University of Glasgow (GB)
Corresponding author: McMillan, Thomas M
ORCID: McMillan, Thomas M
Stewart, Elaine
Venue: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2012-05-29
Volume: 83
Issue: 11
Pages: 1086-1091
ISSN: 0022-3050 (ISSN-L)
1468-330X
DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-302746
OpenAlex: W2162231203
Cited by: 315
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 20
FWCI: 21.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Trauma and Emergency Care Studies
Keywords: traumatic brain injury, long-term outcomes, disability, adolescents, young adults, Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended, mortality, self-esteem, locus of control, psychological well-being, alcohol consumption, health status, age at injury
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Disability Evaluation, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Craniocerebral Trauma, Health Status, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Glasgow Outcome Scale

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Disability in young people and adults after head injury: 12–14 year follow-up of a prospective cohort

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