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Depression and anxiety related subtypes in Parkinson's disease
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Depression and anxiety are common in Parkinson's disease (PD) and although clinically important remain poorly understood and managed. To date, research has tended to treat depression and anxiety as distinct phenomena. There is growing evidence for heterogeneity in PD in the motor and cognitive domains, with implications for pathophysiology and outcome. Similar heterogeneity may exist in the domain of depression and anxiety. OBJECTIVE: To identify the main anxiety and depression related subtype(s) in PD and their associated demographic and clinical features. METHODS: A sample of 513 patients with PD received a detailed assessment of depression and anxiety related symptomatology. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was used to identify putative depression and anxiety related subtypes. Results LCA identified four classes, two interpretable as 'anxiety related': one anxiety alone (22.0%) and the other anxiety coexisting with prominent depressive symptoms (8.6%). A third subtype (9%) showed a prominent depressive profile only without significant anxiety. The final class (60.4%) showed a low probability of prominent affective symptoms. The validity of the four classes was supported by distinct patterns of association with important demographic and clinical variables. CONCLUSION: Depression in PD may manifest in two clinical phenotypes, one 'anxious-depressed' and the other 'depressed'. However, a further large proportion of patients can have relatively isolated anxiety. Further study of these putative phenotypes may identify important differences in pathophysiology and other aetiologically important factors and focus research on developing more targeted and effective treatment.
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“Psychological difficulties, especially depression and anxiety, are the most prevalent non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease.”
From Distant delivery of a mindfulness-based intervention for people with Parkinson's disease: The study protocol of a randomised pilot trial (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
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“up to 31% of people with PD report some level of anxiety [4]”
From Distant delivery of a mindfulness-based intervention for people with Parkinson's disease: The study protocol of a randomised pilot trial (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
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Self-citationNon-Pharmacological Interventions for Depression and Anxiety in Parkinson’s Disease
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Hurt, C. S., Alkufri, F., Brown, R. G., Burn, D. J., Hindle, J. V., Landau, S., Wilson, K., Samuel, M., & on behalf of the PROMS-PD study group (see acknowledgements) (2014) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-130314 · Cited by 19
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Metadata
- Authors
- Brown, R. G., Landau, S., Hindle, J. V., Playfer, J., Samuel, M., Wilson, K. C., Hurt, C. S., Anderson, R. J., Carnell, J., Dickinson, L., Gibson, G., van Schaick, R., Sellwood, K., Thomas, B. A., Burn, D. J., & for the PROMS-PD Study Group
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board (GB)
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- University of Newcastle Australia (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Brown, R. G.
- Venue
- Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2011-01-08
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 803-809
- ISSN
- 0022-3050 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2098148677
- Cited by
- 183
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 9.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hal.science
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Repository@Hull (Worktribe) (University of Hull) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Trinity's Access to Research Output (TARA) (Trinity College Dublin) (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- Parkinson's UK (J-0601)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, depression, anxiety, depressive phenotype, psychiatric comorbidity, latent class analysis, clinical phenotype
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Anxiety, Cognition Disorders, Depression, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Socioeconomic Factors, Reproducibility of Results, Multivariate Analysis, Cluster Analysis, Logistic Models
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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