Stress and functional neurological disorders: mechanistic insights
Open accessAbstract
At the interface between mind and body, psychiatry and neurology, functional neurological disorder (FND) remains poorly understood. Formerly dominant stress-related aetiological models have been increasingly challenged, in part due to cases without any history of past or recent trauma. In this perspective article, we review current evidence for such models, and how research into the role of traumatic stress in other disorders and the neurobiology of the stress response can inform our mechanistic understanding of FND. First, we discuss the association between stress and the onset or exacerbation of a variety of physical and mental health problems. Second, we review the role of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction in the neurobiology of ill-health, alongside evidence for similar mechanisms in FND. Third, we advocate a stress-diathesis model, in which biological susceptibility interacts with early life adversity, where FND can be precipitated by traumatic events later in life and maintained by psychological responses. We hypothesise that greater biological susceptibility to FND is associated with less severe remote and recent stress, and that FND precipitated by more severe stress is associated with lower biological vulnerability. This would explain clinical experience of variable exposure to historical and recent traumatic stress among people with FND and requires empirical investigation. A testable, evidence-based stress-diathesis model can inform nuanced understanding of how biological and psychological factors interact at the individual level, with potential to inform personalised treatment pathways. Much-needed research to establish the aetiology of FND will enhance clinical care and communication, facilitate effective treatment and inform prevention strategies.
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An alternative interpretation of this association can be drawn from predictive processing models of FND and hypnosis.
“An alternative interpretation of this association can be drawn from predictive processing models of FND (Edwards et al., 2012;Keynejad et al., 2019), and hypnosis (Jamieson, 2021;Martin and Pacherie, 2019).”
From Hypnotic suggestibility in dissociative and related disorders: A meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Keynejad et al., 2019
Multiple researchers have proposed that high hypnotic suggestibility confers risk for TSDs and DDs in response to trauma.
“multiple researchers have proposed that high hypnotic suggestibility confers risk for TSDs and DDs in response to trauma (L.D. Butler et al., 1996;Dell, 2019) (see also Keynejad et al., 2019)”
From Hypnotic suggestibility in dissociative and related disorders: A meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Keynejad et al., 2019
The Introduction and Predictive coding sections discuss trauma, stress and susceptibility to functional neurological disorders, but do not address high hypnotic suggestibility as a risk factor for TSDs or DDs. Searches for “hypnotic suggestibility” and “suggestibility hypnosis dissociative disorders trauma risk” found no passage making that proposed link. (LLM, conf=0.72)
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“An alternative interpretation of this association can be drawn from predictive processing models of FND (Edwards et al., 2012; Keynejad et al., 2019), and hypnosis (Jamieson, 2021; Martin & Pacherie, 2019).”
BackgroundMethodA dimensional approach to functional movement disorders: Heresy or opportunity
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- Authors
- Keynejad, R. C., Frodl, T., Kanaan, R., Pariante, C., Reuber, M., & Nicholson, T. R.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg (DE)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Royal Hallamshire Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Keynejad, Roxanne C
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2018-11-08
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 813-821
- ISSN
- 0022-3050 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-330X
- OpenAlex
- W2899937555
- Semantic Scholar
- d82070e874a2b7348ae728c0d4eddde5c07dd175
- Cited by
- 151
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 14
- FWCI
- 1.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- kclpure.kcl.ac.uk
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (ACF-2014-17-007, NF-SI-0616-10074, CS-2014-14-016)
- Medical Research Council (MR/N029488/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research
- Keywords
- conversion disorder, stress, traumatic stress, HPA axis dysregulation, diathesis-stress model, childhood adversity, biological vulnerability, etiology, mind-body problem
- MeSH terms
- Conversion Disorder, Humans, Models, Biological, Stress, Psychological
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