Glial swelling following human cerebral contusion: an ultrastructural study
Open accessAbstract
The ultrastructural features of cerebral contusion seen three hours to 11 days after head injury were studied in 18 patients undergoing surgery. Massive astrocytic swelling ("cytotoxic" oedema) was seen three hours to three days after injury, maximal in perivascular foot processes, and compressing some of the underlying capillaries. The tight junctions were not disrupted. Neuronal damage was most marked three to 11 days after injury. The pathophysiological mechanisms leading to oedema formation and neuronal degeneration are discussed.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Astroglial swelling occurs within the first hours after head trauma in humans.
“astroglial swelling, which occurs within the first hours after head trauma in humans (Bullock et al., 1991)”
From Evolution of neuronal and astroglial disruption in the peri-contusional cortex of mice revealed by in vivo two-photon imaging (2013) · cites this paper as Bullock et al., 1991
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Role of Excitatory Amino Acids and NMDA Receptors in Traumatic Brain Injury
Faden, A. I., Demediuk, P., Panter, S. S., & Vink, R. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2567056 · Cited by 1,508 · see citing works
Diffuse axonal injury in head injury: definition, diagnosis and grading
Adams, J. H., Doyle, D., Ford, I., Gennarelli, T. A., Graham, D. I., & Mclellan, D. R. (1989) · Histopathology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.1989.tb03040.x · Cited by 1,176 · see citing works
Self-citationVascular permeability alterations to horseradish peroxidase in experimental brain injury
Povlishock, J. T., Becker, D. P., Sullivan, H. G., & Miller, J. D. (1978) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90404-3 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Advances in Neurology, Vol. 63
Cosgrove, G. R. (1994) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1097/00006123-199409000-00030 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Experimental head injury in the rat
Nilsson, B., & Nordström, C. (1977) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1977.47.2.0262 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Little, J. R., Kerr, F. W. L., & Sundt, T. M. (1976) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.7.1.25 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Electron microscopic observations on nerve cell regeneration and degeneration after axon lesions
TORVIK, A., & Skj�rten, F. (1971) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00685058 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Mendelow, A. D., Bullock, R., Teasdale, G. M., Graham, D. I., & McCulloch, J. (1984) · Neurological Research · doi:10.1080/01616412.1984.11739688 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationTHE CONTUSION INDEX: A QUANTITATIVE APPROACH TO CEREBRAL CONTUSIONS IN HEAD INJURY
ADAMS, J. H., Scott, G., Parker, L., Graham, D. I., & Doyle, D. (1980) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.1980.tb00217.x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationThe mechanism of cerebral contusions. A pathologic-anatomic study.
Lindenberg, R., & Freytag, E. (1960) · PubMed · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Cerebral Endothelial Microvilli: Formation Following Global Forebrain Ischemia
Dietrich, W. D., Busto, R., & Ginsberg, M. D. (1984) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-198401000-00006 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Recent Advances in Neuropathology
Brownell, D. (1983) · Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1136/jcp.36.2.239-b · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Bourke, R. S., & Nelson, K. M. (1972) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1972.tb01383.x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Studies on vascular permeability changes in experimental brain concussion
Rinder, L., & Olsson, Y. (1968) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00692305 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Micro vascular alterations following cerebral contusion in rats
Hekmatpanah, J., & Hekmatpanah, C. R. (1985) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1985.62.6.0888 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Response of cerebral microvasculature to brain injury
Maxwell, W. L., Irvine, A., Adams, J. H., Graham, D. I., & Gennarelli, T. A. (1988) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.1711550408 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationMorphology of cortical contusions.
Freytag, E., & Lindenberg, R. (1957) · PubMed · Cited by 70 · see citing works
EXPERIMENTAL INTRACEREBRAL HAEMATOMA IN THE RAT: SEQUENTIAL LIGHT MICROSCOPICAL CHANGES
JENKINS, A., Maxwell, W. L., & Graham, D. I. (1989) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.1989.tb01247.x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain specific gravity and CT scan density measurements after human head injury
Bullock, R. M., Smith, R. D., Favier, J., du Trevou, M. D., & Blake, G. (1985) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1985.63.1.0064 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationStudies on vascular permeability changes in experimental brain concussion
Olsson, Y., Rinder, L., Lindgren, S. O., & St�lhammar, D. (1971) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00684599 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
An ultrastructural study of experimental high velocity penetrating head injury
Allen, I. V., Kirk, J., Maynard, R. L., Cooper, G. K., Scott, R., & Crockard, A. (1983) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00691493 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Computed tomography in brain edema due to trauma.
Miller, J. D., Gudeman, S. K., Kishore, P. N. C., & Becker, D. P. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Water Content of White Matter After Head Injury in Man
Galbraith, S., Cardoso, E., Patterson, J., & Marmarou, T. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4616-6_31 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- [4]4. Lindenberg R, Freytag E. Morphology of cortical con- tusions. Arch Pathol 1957;63:23-42.
- [5]5. Lindenberg R, Freytag E. The mechanism of cerebral contusion. Arch Pathol 1960;69:440-69.
- [7]7. Levin HS, Grossman RG, Rose JE, et al. Longterm neuropsychological outcome in closed head injury. J 433 copyright. on July 9, 2023 at University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. Protected by http://jnnp.bmj.com/ J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.54.5.427 on 1 May 1991. Downloaded from
- [8]8. Bullock, Maxwell, Graham, Teasdale, Adams Neurosurg 1979;50:412-22.
- [9]9. Bullock R, Teasdale GM, Wyper D, et al. Tomographic mapping of CBF, CBV and BBB changes after focal head injury using SPECT: mechanisms for late deterioration. In: J Hoff, ed. Proc VIIth Int Symposium Intracranial Pressure and Brain Injury. Berlin: Springer-Verlag 1989:637-9.
- [12]12. Hekmatpanah J, Hekmatpanah CR. Microvascular altera- tions following cerebral contusion in rats. J Neurosurg 1985;62:888-97.
- [14]14. Little JR, Kerr FWL, Sundt TM. Microcirculatory obs- truction and focal cerebral ischaemia: an electron micros- copic investigation in monkeys. Stroke 1976;7(1):25-30.
- [17]17. Dietrich WD, Busto R, Ginsberg MD. Cerebral endothelial microvilli and fenestration following global fore brain ischaemia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1984;43:72-83.
- [24]24. Gennarelli TA, Segawa H, Wald U, et al. Physiological response to angular accelaration of the head. In: Gross- mann RG, Gildenberg PL, eds. Head Injury: basic and clinical aspects. New York: Raven Press 1982:129-39.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Aquaporin-4 deletion in mice reduces brain edema after acute water intoxication and ischemic stroke
Manley, G. T., Fujimura, M., Ma, T., Noshita, N., Filiz, F., Bollen, A. W., Chan, P. H., & Verkman, A. S. (2000) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/72256 · Cited by 1,501 · see citing works
The Pathology of Human Spinal Cord Injury: Defining the Problems
Norenberg, M. D., Smith, J., & Marcillo, A. E. (2004) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/089771504323004575 · Cited by 634 · see citing works
Excitotoxic mechanisms and the role of astrocytic glutamate transporters in traumatic brain injury
Yi, J., & Hazell, A. S. (2006) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2005.12.001 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
van der Naalt, J., van Zomeren, A. H., Sluiter, W. J., & Minderhoud, J. M. (1999) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.66.2.207 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Current concepts of brain edema
Kimelberg, H. K. (1995) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1995.83.6.1051 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
The neurophysiology of brain injury
Gaetz, M. (2003) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(03)00258-x · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Dietrich, W. D., Alonso, O. F., & Halley, M. (1994) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.1994.11.289 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Diffusion limited oxygen delivery following head injury*
Menon, D. K., Coles, J., Gupta, A. K., Fryer, T. D., Smielewski, P. S., Chatfield, D. A., Aigbirhio, F. I., Skepper, J. N., Minhas, P. S., Hutchinson, P. J., et al. (2004) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000127777.16609.08 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Progressive damage after brain and spinal cord injury: pathomechanisms and treatment strategies
Bramlett, H. M., & Dietrich, W. D. (2007) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(06)61009-1 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Dietrich, W. D., Alonso, O. F., Busto, R., Globus, M. Y. ‐., & Ginsberg, M. D. (1994) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00296740 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Contribution of edema and cerebral blood volume to traumatic brain swelling in head-injured patients
Marmarou, A., Fatouros, P. P., Barzó, P., Portella, G., Yoshihara, M., Tsuji, O., Yamamoto, T., Laine, F., Signoretti, S., Ward, J. D., et al. (2000) · Journal of Neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.2000.93.2.0183 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Intracerebral inflammatory response to experimental brain contusion
Holmin, S., Mathiesen, T. I., Shetye, J., & Biberfeld, P. (1995) · Acta Neurochirurgica · doi:10.1007/bf01404857 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Lutz, S. E., Zhao, Y., Gulinello, M. E., Lee, S. C., Raine, C. S., & Brosnan, C. F. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0341-09.2009 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
A potassium channel-linked mechanism of glial cell swelling in the postischemic retina
Pannicke, T., Iandiev, I., Uckermann, O., Biedermann, B., Kutzera, F., Wiedemann, P., Wolburg, H., Reichenbach, A., & Bringmann, A. (2004) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2004.04.005 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Peri-infarct depolarizations lead to loss of perfusion in ischaemic gyrencephalic cerebral cortex
Strong, A. J., Anderson, P. J., Watts, H. R., Virley, D. J., Lloyd, A., Irving, E. A., Nagafuji, T., Ninomiya, M., Nakamura, H., Dunn, A. K., et al. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl392 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Černak, I., Vink, R., Zapple, D. N., Cruz, M. I., Ahmed, F. A. K. M., Chang, T., Fricke, S. T., & Faden, A. I. (2004) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2004.05.011 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Does Second Impact Syndrome Exist?
McCrory, P. R. (2001) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/00042752-200107000-00004 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Bramlett, H. M., Dietrich, W. D., Green, E. J., & Busto, R. (1997) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s004010050602 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Smith, E. R., Carter, B. S., & Ogilvy, C. S. (2002) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1097/00006123-200207000-00018 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in neurodegenerative diseases through nitroxidative stress
Akbar, M. D., Essa, M. M., Daradkeh, G., Abdelmegeed, M. A., Choi, Y., Mahmood, L., & Song, B. (2016) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.016 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Schwarzmaier, S. M., Kim, S.-W., Trabold, R., & Plesnila, N. (2009) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2009.1114 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Opposing Roles for Reactive Astrocytes following Traumatic Brain Injury
Laird, M. D., Vender, J. R., & Dhandapani, K. M. (2008) · Neurosignals · doi:10.1159/000111560 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Pathophysiologic Mechanisms of Cerebral Ischemia and Diffusion Hypoxia in Traumatic Brain Injury
Veenith, T., Carter, E. L., Geeraerts, T., Grossac, J., Newcombe, V., Outtrim, J. G., Stocks‐Gee, G., Lupson, V. C., Smith, R., Aigbirhio, F. I., et al. (2016) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.0091 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Focal ischemia due to traumatic contusions documented by stable xenon-CT and ultrastructural studies
Schröder, M. L., Muizelaar, J. P., Bullock, M. R., Salvant, J. B., & Povlishock, J. T. (1995) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1995.82.6.0966 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Zweckberger, K., Erös, C., Zimmermann, R., Kim, S.-W., Engel, D. C., & Plesnila, N. (2006) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2006.23.1083 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Chieregato, A., Fainardi, E., Morselli‐Labate, A. M., Antonelli, V., Compagnone, C., Targa, L., Kraus, J. F., & Servadei, F. (2005) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000156200.76331.7a · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Early loss of astrocytes after experimental traumatic brain injury
Zhao, X., Ahram, A., Berman, R. F., Muizelaar, J. P., & Lyeth, B. G. (2003) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.10283 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Capillary Transit Time Heterogeneity and Flow-Metabolism Coupling after Traumatic Brain Injury
Østergaard, L., Engedal, T. S., Aamand, R., Mikkelsen, R., Iversen, N., Anzabi, M., Næss‐Schmidt, E. T., Drasbek, K. R., Bay, V., Blicher, J. U., et al. (2014) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2014.131 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
The Normal and Pathological Physiology of Brain Water
Go, K. G. (1997) · Advances and technical standards in neurosurgery · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-6549-2_2 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Nicchia, G. P., Frigeri, A., Liuzzi, G. M., & Svelto, M. (2003) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.02-1183fje · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Bouzat, P., Sala, N., Payen, J.-F., & Oddo, M. (2013) · Annals of Intensive Care · doi:10.1186/2110-5820-3-23 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Craniocerebral Trauma: Protection and Retrieval of the Neuronal Population after Injury
Teasdale, G. M., & Graham, D. I. (1998) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1097/00006123-199810000-00001 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationBellander, B., von Holst, H., Fredman, P., & Svensson, M. A. (1996) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1996.85.3.0468 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Aquaporins: role in cerebral edema and brain water balance
Zador, Z. E., Bloch, O. G., Yao, X., & Manley, G. T. (2007) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(06)61012-1 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Effect of apolipoprotein E genotype on hematoma volume after trauma
Liaquat, I., Dunn, L. T., Nicoll, J. A. R., Teasdale, G. M., & Norrie, J. D. (2002) · Journal of Neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.2002.96.1.0090 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationZhou, Z., Daugherty, W. P., Sun, D., Levasseur, J. E., Altememi, N., Hamm, R. J., Rockswold, G. L., & Bullock, M. R. (2007) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.2007.106.4.687 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Blood Flow and Ischemia within Traumatic Cerebral Contusions
von Öettingen, G., Bergholt, B., Gyldensted, C., & Astrup, J. (2002) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1097/00006123-200204000-00019 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Aquaporins in Brain Edema and Neuropathological Conditions
Filippidis, A., Carozza, R. B., & Rekate, H. L. (2016) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18010055 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Mechanosensation and endothelin in astrocytes—hypothetical roles in CNS pathophysiology
Ostrow, L. W., & Sachs, F. (2004) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.09.005 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Rodriguez-Paez, A. C., Brunschwig, J. P., & Bramlett, H. M. (2005) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-005-1010-z · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Jayakumar, A. R., Panickar, K. S., Curtis, K. M., Tong, X., Moriyama, M., & Norenberg, M. D. (2011) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07211.x · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Sword, J., Masuda, T., Croom, D., & Kirov, S. A. (2013) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awt026 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Astroglia: Important mediators of traumatic brain injury
Floyd, C. L., & Lyeth, B. G. (2007) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(06)61005-4 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Cerebrovascular Senescence Is Associated With Tau Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease
Bryant, A. G., Hu, M., Carlyle, B. C., Arnold, S. E., Frosch, M. P., Das, S., Hyman, B. T., & Bennett, R. E. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.575953 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Palzur, E., Vlodavsky, E., Mulla, H., Arieli, R., D, M. F. M., & Soustiel, J. F. (2004) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/089771504772695931 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Substance P in traumatic brain injury
Donkin, J. J., Turner, R. J., Hassan, I., & Vink, R. (2007) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(06)61007-8 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Levine, J., Kwon, E., Paez, P., Yan, W., Czerwieniec, G., Loo, J. A., Sofroniew, M. V., & Wanner, I. (2016) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22953 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
New astroglial injury-defined biomarkers for neurotrauma assessment
Halford, J., Shen, S., Itamura, K., Levine, J., Chong, A. C., Czerwieniec, G., Glenn, T. C., Hovda, D. A., Vespa, P., Bullock, R., et al. (2017) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x17724681 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationKramer, A. S., Harvey, A. R., Plant, G. W., & Hodgetts, S. I. (2012) · Cell Transplantation · doi:10.3727/096368912x655208 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Clausen, T., Zauner, A., Levasseur, J. E., Rice, A. C., & Bullock, R. M. (2001) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02566-5 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationMcDermott, K. L., Raghupathi, R., Fernandez, S. C., Saatman, K. E., Protter, A. A., Finklestein, S. P., Sinson, G. P., Smith, D. H., & McIntosh, T. K. (1997) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.1997.14.191 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Okiyama, K., Smith, D. H., White, W. F., Richter, K. E. G., & McIntosh, T. K. (1997) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.1997.14.211 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Updated Imaging of Traumatic Brain Injury
Kubal, W. S. (2011) · Radiologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2011.08.010 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
GFAP and S100β Expression in the Cortex and Hippocampus in Response to Mild Cortical Contusion
Hinkle, D. A., Baldwin, S. A., Scheff, S. W., & Wise, P. M. (1997) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.1997.14.729 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Past, Present, and Future of Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Hawryluk, G. W. J., & Bullock, M. R. (2016) · Neurosurgery Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.nec.2016.05.002 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Marmarou, C. R., Liang, X., Abidi, N. H., Parveen, S., Taya, K., Henderson, S. C., Young, H. F., Filippidis, A., & Baumgarten, C. M. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.06.005 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Chemokine detection in the cerebral tissue of patients with posttraumatic brain contusions
Stefini, R., Catenacci, E., Piva, S., Sozzani, S., Valerio, A., Bergomi, R., Cenzato, M., Mortini, P., & Latronico, N. (2008) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns/2008/108/5/0958 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Shreiber, D. I., Bain, A. C., Ross, D. T., Smith, D. H., Gennarelli, T. A., McIntosh, T. K., & Meaney, D. F. (1999) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199902000-00005 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The effect of brain temperature on hemoglobin extravasation after traumatic brain injury
Kinoshita, K., Chatzipanteli, K., Alonso, O. F., Howard, M. A., & Dietrich, W. D. (2002) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.2002.97.4.0945 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Clinical trials in head injury
Reinert, M., & Bullock, R. M. (1999) · Neurological Research · doi:10.1080/01616412.1999.11740940 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationInfluence of apoptosis on neurological outcome following traumatic cerebral contusion
Nathoo, N., Narotam, P. K., Agrawal, D. K., Connolly, C. A., van Dellen, J. R., Barnett, G. H., & Chetty, R. (2004) · Journal of Neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.2004.101.2.0233 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Neurovascular Coupling During Cortical Spreading Depolarization and –Depression
Østergaard, L., Dreier, J. P., Hadjikhani, N. K., Jespersen, S. N., Dirnagl, U., & Dalkara, T. (2015) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.114.008077 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Garnett, M. R., Blamire, A. M., Corkill, R. G., Rajagopalan, B., Young, J. D., Cadoux-Hudson, T. A. D., & Styles, P. (2001) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/089771501750291828 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
A neuroglia-based interpretation of glaucomatous neuroretinal rim thinning in the optic nerve head
Lee, E. J., Han, J. C., Park, D. Y., & Kee, C. (2020) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100840 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Dietrich, W. D., Truettner, J. S., Zhao, W., Alonso, O. F., Busto, R., & Ginsberg, M. D. (1999) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.1999.16.567 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Evidence to support mitochondrial neuroprotection, in severe traumatic brain injury
Gajavelli, S., Sinha, V. K., Mazzeo, A. T., Spurlock, M. S., Lee, S. W., Ahmed, A. I., Yokobori, S., & Bullock, R. M. (2014) · Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes · doi:10.1007/s10863-014-9589-1 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationEngel, D. C., Mies, G., Terpolilli, N. A., Trabold, R., Loch, A., Zeeuw, C. I. D., Weber, J. T., Maas, A. I. R., & Plesnila, N. (2008) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2007.0480 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Kimelberg, H. K. (2000) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/107385840000600110 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Astrocytes: Targets and mediators of chemical‐induced cns injury
Aschner, M., & LoPachin, R. M. (1993) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287399309531721 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Microenvironmental Variations After Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in Traumatic Brain Injury
Hu, Y. H., & Tao, W. (2021) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2021.750810 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Černak, I., Chang, T., Ahmed, F. A. K. M., Cruz, M. I., Vink, R., Stoica, B. A., & Faden, A. I. (2010) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000320085 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Bullock, R., Sakas, D. E., Patterson, J. C., Wyper, D., Hadley, D. M., Maxwell, W., & Teasdale, G. M. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-9233-7_5 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationAas, J., Berg–Johnsen, J., Hegstad, E., Laake, J. H., Langmoen, I. A., & Ottersen, O. P. (1993) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1993.65 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Mitochondrial dysfunction underlies impaired neurovascular coupling following traumatic brain injury
van Hameren, G., Muradov, J. H., Minarik, A., Aboghazleh, R., Orr, S., Cort, S., Andrews, K., McKenna, C., Pham, N. T., MacLean, M. A., et al. (2023) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106269 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Schroeder, J. E. (2015) · World Journal of Stem Cells · doi:10.4252/wjsc.v7.i1.186 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Osmotherapy for increased intracranial pressure: Comparison between mannitol and glycerol
Biestro, A., Alberti, R., Galli, R., Cancela, M., Soca, A. E., Panzardo, H., & Borovich, B. (1997) · Acta Neurochirurgica · doi:10.1007/bf01420045 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Early ischaemia after severe head injury preliminary results in patients with diffuse brain injuries
Sahuquillo, J., Poca, M. A., Garnacho, A., Robles, A., Coello, F., Godet, C., Triginer, C., & Rubio, E. (1993) · Acta Neurochirurgica · doi:10.1007/bf01405530 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Kabadi, S. V., & Maher, T. J. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05352.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Nakabayashi, M., Suzaki, S., & Tomita, H. (2007) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.2007.106.3.370 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Chieregato, A., Fainardi, E., Servadei, F., Tanfani, A., Pugliese, G., Pascarella, R., & Targa, L. (2004) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/0897715041269669 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Permeability of the Blood–Brain Barrier after Traumatic Brain Injury: Radiological Considerations
Amoo, M., O’Halloran, P. J., Henry, J. H., Husien, M. B., Brennan, P., Campbell, M., Caird, J., & Curley, G. F. (2021) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2020.7545 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Ultrastructural study of brain microvessels in patients with traumatic cerebral contusions
Vaz, R. M., Sarmento, A., Borges, N., Cruz, C., & Azevedo, I. (1997) · Acta Neurochirurgica · doi:10.1007/bf01844754 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Zhao, X., Gorin, F. A., Berman, R. F., & Lyeth, B. G. (2008) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2008.0635 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Rafols, J. A., Kreipke, C. W., & Petrov, T. (2007) · Neurological Research · doi:10.1179/016164107x204648 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Fujisawa, H., Maxwell, W., Graham, D. I., Reasdale, G. M., & Bullock, R. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-9334-1_52 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationMathew, P. M., Graham, D. I., Bullock, R., Maxwell, W., McCulloch, J., & Teasdale, G. M. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-9334-1_116 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly Metabolic Characteristics of Lesion and Nonlesion Tissue after Head Injury
Coles, J., Cunningham, A. S., Salvador, R. M., Chatfield, D. A., Carpenter, A., Pickard, J. D., & Menon, D. K. (2009) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2009.22 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Di, X., & Bullock, R. (1996) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1996.85.4.0655 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationReal time imaging of inflammation and its resolution: It’s Apparent Because It’s Transparent
Robertson, T., & Huttenlocher, A. (2022) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.13061 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Sakai, K., Fukuda, T., & Iwadate, K. (2013) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699052.2013.837198 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Acute death of astrocytes in blast-exposed rat organotypic hippocampal slice cultures
Miller, A. P., Shah, A. S., Aperi, B. V., Kurpad, S. N., Stemper, B. D., & Glavaski‐Joksimovic, A. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173167 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Bouzat, P., Millet, A., Boué, Y., Pernet‐Gallay, K., Trouvé-Buisson, T., Gaide‐Chevronnay, L., Barbier, E., & Payen, J. (2013) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e31827ca64e · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ariza, M., Pueyo, R., Junqué, C., Mataró, M., Poca, M. A., Mena, M.-P., & Sahuquillo, J. (2006) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050600909862 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Relative cerebral blood flow during the secondary expansion of a cortical lesion in rats
Plesnila, N., Friedrich, D., Eriskat, J., Baethmann, A. J., & Stoffel, M. H. (2003) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00396-3 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The cerebrovascular response to experimental lateral head acceleration
Maxwell, W. L., Whitfield, P. C., Süzen, L., Graham, D. I., Adams, J. H., Watt, C., & Gennarelli, T. A. (1992) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00227822 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationAschner, M. (2001) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/s0161-813x(01)00039-0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Morphological Characterization of Photochemical Graded Spinal Cord Injury in the Rat
Verdú, E., García‐Alías, G., Forés, J., Vela, J. M., Cuadras, J., López‐Vales, R., & Navarro, X. (2003) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/089771503765355559 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Rhodes, J. K. J., Sharkey, J., & Andrews, P. (2009) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0b013e31819a0344 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Maeda, T., Lee, S. M., & Hovda, D. A. (2005) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2005.22.763 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Ethanol-induced swelling in neonatal rat primary astrocyte cultures
Aschner, M., Allen, J. W., Mutkus, L. A., & Cao, C.-C. (2001) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02314-9 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bullock, R., Maxwell, W. L., Graham, D. I., Teasdale, G. M., & Adams, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Southern General Hospital (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1991-05-01
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 427-434
- ISSN
- 0022-3050 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC488543
- OpenAlex
- W2066748433
- Semantic Scholar
- c28e5f645c554c0b2380f20e656d8e782adecc0b
- Cited by
- 186
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 5.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
- Keywords
- cerebral contusion, glial swelling, astrocytic swelling, cytotoxic edema, neurodegeneration, tight junctions, traumatic brain injury, ultrastructure
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Astrocytes, Brain Concussion, Brain Edema, Humans, Microscopy, Electron, Middle Aged, Neuroglia, Pinocytosis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
