Prognostic factors for duration of sick leave in patients sick listed with acute low back pain: a systematic review of the literature
Open accessAbstract
Background:The percentages of patients with acute low back pain (LBP) that go on to a chronic state varies between studies from 2% to 34%. In some of these cases low back pain leads to great costs. Aims:To evaluate the evidence for prognostic factors for return to work among workers sick listed with acute LBP. Methods:Systematic literature search with a quality assessment of studies, assessment of levels of evidence for all factors, and pooling of effect sizes. Results:Inclusion of studies in the review was restricted to inception cohort studies of workers with LBP on sick leave for less than six weeks, with the outcome measured in absolute terms, relative terms, survival curve, or duration of sick leave. Of the studies, 18 publications (14 cohorts) fulfilled all inclusion criteria. One low quality study, four moderate quality studies, and nine high quality studies were identified; 79 prognostic factors were studied and grouped in eight categories for which the evidence was assessed. Conclusions:Specific LBP, higher disability levels, older age, female gender, more social dysfunction and more social isolation, heavier work, and receiving higher compensation were identified as predictors for a longer duration of sick leave. A history of LBP, job satisfaction, educational level, marital status, number of dependants, smoking, working more than 8 hour shifts, occupation, and size of industry or company do not influence duration of sick leave due to LBP. Many different constructs were measured to identify psychosocial predictors of long term sick leave, which made it impossible to determine the role of these factors.
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Social isolation is associated with longer sick leave for individuals with low back pain.
“Another systematic review of cohort studies looking at the duration of sick leave for individuals with low back pain found social isolation to be associated with longer sick leave 45”
From An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness (2017) · cites this paper as [45]
The overview found an association (+) between social networks and relationships and other physical health, supported by one review or multiple lower quality reviews.
“| Other physical health (Barton et al 2015, Steenstra et al 2005) | + | | + |”
From An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness (2017) · cites this paper as Steenstra et al 2005
The overview found an association (+) between social isolation and other physical health, supported by one review or multiple lower quality reviews.
“| Other physical health (Barton et al 2015, Steenstra et al 2005) | + | | + |”
From An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness (2017) · cites this paper as Steenstra et al 2005
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- Authors
- Steenstra, I. A., Verbeek, J. H., Heymans, M. W., & Bongers, P. M.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FI)
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Steenstra, I A
- Venue
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2005-11-18
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 851-860
- ISSN
- 0007-1072 (ISSN-L)
- 1351-0711
- 1470-7926
- PMC
- PMC1740930
- OpenAlex
- W2123717004
- Cited by
- 495
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 1.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- TNO Repository (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Repository hosted by TU Delft Library (TU Delft) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine
- Funders
- ZonMw
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Medical Practices and Rehabilitation
- Keywords
- acute low back pain, sick leave duration, return to work, prognostic factors, psychosocial risk factors, social isolation, social dysfunction, disability, compensation, work-related musculoskeletal disorders, workers
- MeSH terms
- Acute Disease, Age Factors, Disability Evaluation, Humans, Prognosis, Sex Factors, Social Isolation, Work Schedule Tolerance, Cohort Studies, Low Back Pain, Disease Progression, Sick Leave
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