Workplace involvement improves return to work rates among employees with back pain on long-term sick leave: a systematic review of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interventions

Carroll, Christopher; Rick, Jo; Pilgrim, Hazel; Cameron, Jackie; Hillage, Jim

doi:10.3109/09638280903186301

Cited by 214Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitationWorkplace Health and Well-beingMedical Practices and Rehabilitation

Workplace involvement improves return to work rates among employees with back pain on long-term sick leave: a systematic review of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interventions

Carroll, Christopher, Rick, Jo, Pilgrim, Hazel, Cameron, Jackie, Hillage, Jim·2010·Disability and Rehabilitation

DOI 10.3109/09638280903186301

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Abstract

PURPOSE: Long-term sickness absence among workers is a major problem in industrialised countries. The aim of the review is to determine whether interventions involving the workplace are more effective and cost-effective at helping employees on sick leave return to work than those that do not involve the workplace at all. METHODS: A systematic review of controlled intervention studies and economic evaluations. Sixteen electronic databases and grey literature sources were searched, and reference and citation tracking was performed on included publications. A narrative synthesis was performed. RESULTS: Ten articles were found reporting nine trials from Europe and Canada, and four articles were found evaluating the cost-effectiveness of interventions. The population in eight trials suffered from back pain and related musculoskeletal conditions. Interventions involving employees, health practitioners and employers working together, to implement work modifications for the absentee, were more consistently effective than other interventions. Early intervention was also found to be effective. The majority of trials were of good or moderate quality. Economic evaluations indicated that interventions with a workplace component are likely to be more cost effective than those without. CONCLUSION: Stakeholder participation and work modification are more effective and cost effective at returning to work adults with musculoskeletal conditions than other workplace-linked interventions, including exercise.

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Recent studies indicate that in addition to workers' personal factors, environmental factors such as job characteristics, work modifications, involved stakeholders, and the compensation system are of upmost importance for SAW and RTW.
“Recent studies indicate that in addition to workers' personal factors (workers' characteristics, health, and medical care), environmental factors such as job characteristics, work modifications, involved stakeholders, and the compensation system are of upmost importance for SAW and RTW [54-56].”
From Staying at work with chronic nonspecific musculoskeletal pain: a qualitative study of workers' experiences (2011) · cites this paper as [56]

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Self-citation
MONITOR
(2016)

Authors: Carroll, C., Rick, J., Pilgrim, H., Cameron, J., & Hillage, J.
Affiliations: University of Sheffield (GB)
University of Sussex (GB)
Corresponding author: Carroll, Christopher
ORCID: Carroll, Christopher
Rick, Jo
Venue: Disability and Rehabilitation
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2009-10-06
Volume: 32
Issue: 8
Pages: 607-621
ISSN: 0963-8288 (ISSN-L)
1464-5165
DOI: 10.3109/09638280903186301
OpenAlex: W2002447441
Semantic Scholar: 2d074862a8dd9b30f7a2c421958a5b7c0e23e201
Cited by: 214
References: 49
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 0.76
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Disability and Rehabilitation (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Medical Practices and Rehabilitation
Keywords: return to work, long-term sick leave, back pain, musculoskeletal disorders, workplace interventions, work modification, cost-effectiveness, stakeholder engagement, early intervention, exercise intervention, sick leave
MeSH terms: Adult, Back Pain, Canada, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Europe, Humans, Ergonomics, Occupational Diseases, Workplace, Sick Leave

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Workplace involvement improves return to work rates among employees with back pain on long-term sick leave: a systematic review of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interventions

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