The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of caffeine and carbohydrate mouth rinses on repeated sprint performance
Abstract
Our purpose was to examine the effectiveness of carbohydrate and caffeine mouth rinses in enhancing repeated sprint ability. Previously, studies have shown that a carbohydrate mouth rinse (without ingestion) has beneficial effects on endurance performance that are related to changes in brain activity. Caffeine ingestion has also demonstrated positive effects on sprint performance. However, the effects of carbohydrate or caffeine mouth rinses on intermittent sprints have not been examined previously. Twelve males performed 5 × 6-s sprints interspersed with 24 s of active recovery on a cycle ergometer. Twenty-five milliliters of either a noncaloric placebo, a 6% glucose, or a 1.2% caffeine solution was rinsed in the mouth for 5 s prior to each sprint in a double-blinded and balanced cross-over design. Postexercise maximal heart rate and perceived exertion were recorded, along with power measures. A second experiment compared a combined caffeine-carbohydrate rinse with carbohydrate only. Compared with the placebo mouth rinse, carbohydrate substantially increased peak power in sprint 1 (22.1 ± 19.5 W; Cohen's effect size (ES), 0.81), and both caffeine (26.9 ± 26.9 W; ES, 0.71) and carbohydrate (39.1 ± 25.8 W; ES, 1.08) improved mean power in sprint 1. Experiment 2 demonstrated that a combination of caffeine and carbohydrate improved sprint 1 power production compared with carbohydrate alone (36.0 ± 37.3 W; ES, 0.81). We conclude that carbohydrate and (or) caffeine mouth rinses may rapidly enhance power production, which could have benefits for specific short sprint exercise performance. The ability of a mouth-rinse intervention to rapidly improve maximal exercise performance in the absence of fatigue suggests a central mechanism.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“During sustained high-intensity sports lasting approximately one-hour, small amounts of pre-exercise carbohydrate (~30 g) [206], enhance performance.”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [206]
Citations
Cites
Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science
HOPKINS, W. G., MARSHALL, S. W., BATTERHAM, A. M., & HANIN, J. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31818cb278 · Cited by 9,128
Spinal and Supraspinal Factors in Human Muscle Fatigue
Gandevia, S. C. (2001) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.2001.81.4.1725 · Cited by 3,855
Perceived exertion related to heart rate and blood lactate during arm and leg exercise
Borg, G. A. V., Hassmén, P., & Lagerström, M. (1987) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00424810 · Cited by 725
Carbohydrate sensing in the human mouth: effects on exercise performance and brain activity
Chambers, E. S., Bridge, M., & Jones, D. A. (2009) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2008.164285 · Cited by 625
Gibson, A. S. C., & Noakes, T. D. (2004) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2003.009852 · Cited by 485
Caffeine and Anaerobic Performance
Davis, J.-K., & Green, J. M. (2009) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/11317770-000000000-00000 · Cited by 453
The effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on 1-h cycle time trial performance
CARTER, J. M., JEUKENDRUP, A. E., & JONES, D. A. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000147585.65709.6f · Cited by 437
Exercise and Sport Performance with Low Doses of Caffeine
Spriet, L. L. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0257-8 · Cited by 347
Enhancement of 2000-m rowing performance after caffeine ingestion
Bruce, C. R., ANDERSON, M. E., Fraser, S. F., Stepto, N. K., Klein, R., Hopkins, W. G., & Hawley, J. A. (2000) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200011000-00021 · Cited by 218
Mouth rinse but not ingestion of a carbohydrate solution improves 1‐h cycle time trial performance
Pottier, A., Bouckaert, J. J., Gilis, W., Roels, T., & Derave, W. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00868.x · Cited by 167
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Carr A., 2008, J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness, 48, 472
- Cook C., 2012, Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab.
- Gam S., 2012, Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–146 of 146
Effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on exercise performance in horses
Bogossian, P. M., Piffer, M. L. T., Maschietto, F. B., Bezerra, K. B., Oliveira, T. M., Fernandes, G., Hilgert, A. R., Stievani, F. D. C., Martins, T. R., & Fernandes, W. R. (2017) · Comparative Exercise Physiology · doi:10.3920/cep160036 · Cited by 5
Bastos‐Silva, V. J., de Araújo, G. G., Franco, S. V. D. S., Melo, A. D. A., LEARSI, S. K., Lima‐Silva, A. E., & Bertuzzi, R. (2017) · Motriz Revista de Educação Física · doi:10.1590/s1980-6574201700030013 · Cited by 5
The effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on intermittent sprint performance in soccer players
Karayiğit, R., Karabıyık, H., Yaşli, B. Ç., Koz, M., & Ersöz, G. (2017) · Ortadoğu Tıp Dergisi · doi:10.21601/ortadogutipdergisi.359888 · Cited by 4
Suen, M., Sun, F., Ali, A., & Poon, E. T. (2025) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2025.2562977 · Cited by 3
“Most studies [3,38] and the current study employed multiple mouth rinsing with outcome measurements on every interval/sprint (6 s−2 min) found between-condition differences in specific time points but not continuously.”
InfluentialGök, U., Soylu, Y., Arslan, E., & Kilit, B. (2025) · Turkish Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.47447/tjsm.0878 · Cited by 3
Vargas-Molina, S., Bonilla, D. A., García-Sillero, M., Iglesias-Placed, S., Murri, M., Martin-Rivera, F., & Benítez‐Porres, J. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18040657 · Cited by 3
“Similarly, caffeine mouth rinsing (CMR) has yielded positive effects in endurance cycling [15] and sprint power outputs [16], though CCG applications in resistance-trained participants showed no ergogenic benefit for the total load lifted [17].”
High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise and Mouth Rinsing: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Suen, M., Tsang, J. H., Wong, P.-S., O'Reilly, J., & Poon, E. T. (2026) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0135 · Cited by 3
Ergin, E., & Nalçakan, G. R. (2024) · International Journal of Sport Exercise & Training Sciences · doi:10.18826/useeabd.1394757 · Cited by 3
Stein, J. A., Gasier, H. G., Goodman, B. D., Ramirez, M., Delatorre, B. P., Beattie, C. M., Barstow, T. J., & Heinrich, K. M. (2021) · International journal of exercise science · doi:10.70252/onyg7875 · Cited by 3
“Interestingly, caffeine is likely ergogenic in the absence of elevated plasma caffeine concentrations, as suggested by caffeine’s ergogenic properties when mouth rinsing caffeinated fluids (3).”
BackgroundMenthol mouth swilling and endurance running performance in the heat
Best, R. J. (2020) · Wintec Research Archive (Waikato Institute of Technology) · Cited by 3
Şahin, B. Ö., Yüzbaşıoğlu, Y., & Nalçakan, G. R. (2024) · Avrasya Spor Bilimleri ve Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.47778/ejsse.1515897 · Cited by 3
Bezuglov, E., Achkasov, E. E., Vakhidov, T., Kapralova, E., Kuznetsova, Y., Manina, M. A., & Ильинична, Э. С. (2026) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-026-01661-5 · Cited by 2
“…from different sports have demonstrated the positive effects of mouth rinsing with solutions of different taste characteristics on various performance and exercise tolerance parameters, including strength, endurance, repeated sprint ability, and rating of perceived exertion [17, 18, 34–37].”
Amor, S. B., Dhahbi, W., Souaifi, M., Ceylan, H. İ., Padulo, J., Vando, S., Ceylan, N. B., Muntean, R. I., & Souissi, N. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18101514 · Cited by 3
“…dose delivery within a brief oral exposure window, the bitterness intensity may have helped participants identify the active rinse condition, a factor that partly limits blinding integrity and should be considered when interpreting mouth-rinse efficacy in ecologically sensitive settings [18,31].”
InfluentialBowling, L. R., Scudamore, E. M., Church, J. B., & Scudamore, V. (2025) · International journal of exercise science · doi:10.70252/sjxt6980 · Cited by 2
Variable physical functions in individuals in response to sensory stimuli
Tsujimoto, M., Yoshida, T., Tanaka, S., Shitara, H., & Suzuki, K. (2023) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-023-01142-z · Cited by 2
“Regarding taste, bitter taste is known to increase muscle strength [5] and cortical motor cortex excitability [6], carbohydrates improve short-distance sprinting ability [7], and sweet and salty tastes alleviate fatigue [8].”
Balcı, C., Toktaş, N., Erman, A., Aktop, A., Kavukçu, E., & Şahan, A. (2024) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-024-06710-w · Cited by 3
“Caffein solution is a colorless and odorless solution, while all solutions, including the placebo, were added with same amount of sugar-free orange flavor to mask the taste of caf-fein (Beaven et al. 2013; Pomportes et al. 2017).”
InfluentialThe effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on a 30-minute arm cranking performance
Andersson, H., SINCLAIR, J. K., Knight, A., Buscombe, R. M., Edmonds, C. J., & Bottoms, L. M. (2016) · Comparative Exercise Physiology · doi:10.3920/cep150032 · Cited by 2
Beaven, C. M., James, C., McMaster, D. T., & Brockelbank, N. (2025) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2025.2550311 · Cited by 1
“Statistical analyses were performed on log-transformed data to account for non-uniformity of errors [25].”
Self-citationToktaş, N., Şahan, A., Balcı, C., Özçelik, M. A., ERMAN, K. A., & Özkaya, Y. G. (2025) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.25.16983-1 · Cited by 1
Energy, carbohydrates and fats in clinical sports nutrition
Kozjek, A. K., Knap, K., Tonin, G., Kozjek, N. R., & Gleeson, M. (2026) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2025.102900 · Cited by 3
Vickery, S. J., Giacomoni, M., Agulhari, J. P. S., Batten, T., Crozier, O. G., Goorwappa, D., Mauvieux, B., Pullinger, S. A., Chester, N. J., Hesketh, S. J., et al. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18152541 · Cited by 1
Bastos‐Silva, V. J., LEARSI, S. K., Melo, A. D. A., Lima‐Silva, A. E., & de Araújo, G. G. (2016) · Revista de Nutrição · doi:10.1590/1678-98652016000500007 · Cited by 1
Ergogenic benefits of carbohydrate mouth rinsing on endurance exercise performance
Kamaruddin, H. K., Bakar, A. H. A., & Muhamed, A. M. C. (2022) · Malaysian Journal of Movement Health & Exercise · doi:10.4103/mohe.mohe_36_22 · Cited by 1
Amorim, S., Gomes, H., & Teixeira, V. H. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53924-8_53 · Cited by 1
Carbohydrate and Caffeine Mouth Rinsing and Exercise Performance
Volpe, S. L. (2017) · ACSMʼs Health & Fitness Journal · doi:10.1249/fit.0000000000000320 · Cited by 1
“This may seem ineffective; however, the mouth rinse is thought to regulate brain activity (1).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse in isometric hand grip performance
Hirata, Y., Wadazumi, T., Hamada, N., Shirai, A., & Watanabe, H. (2021) · 体力科學 · doi:10.7600/jspfsm.70.269 · Cited by 1
Khairi, N. M., Razlan, Z., Ong, M. L. Y., & Jusoh, M. R. C. (2021) · Malaysian Journal of Sport Science and Recreation · doi:10.24191/mjssr.v17i2.15392 · Cited by 1
Pataky, M. W. (2015) · JMU Scholoraly Commons (James Madison University) · Cited by 1
ARTI GO DE REVISÃO: POSSÍVEIS EFEITOS ERGOGÊNICOS DO ENXÁGUE BUCAL COM CARBOIDRATO
Gomes, L. P. D. S., do Nascimento, M. V. S., Chagas, B. L. F., Barbosa, M. R., Geraldes, A. A. R., & Moura, I. S. C. (2016) · Caderno de Graduação - Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde - UNIT - SERGIPE
The Effects of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Concentration on Cycling Time Trial Performance
Youell, J., Simonson, S. R., Darnell, M. E., & Conger, S. A. (2017) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000518518.93523.01
“Following a 2h fast, repeated sprint performance was improved (Beaven et al., 2013) and peak power output increased (Philips et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialJensen, M. (2018) · UVic’s Research and Learning Repository (University of Victoria)
McCarthy, D. G. (2018) · The Atrium (University of Guelph)
Hazır, T., İŞLER, A. K., & Ekinci, Y. E. (2019) · Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.17644/sbd.556227
Nyman, D. L. E. (2021) · The Atrium (University of Guelph)
Einöther, S. J. L. (2016) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20160511se
Karbonhidrat ve Sodyum Kloridi Ağızda Çalkalamanın Tekrarlı Sprint Performansına Etkisi
YALÇIN, O. (2022) · International Journal of Sport Exercise & Training Sciences · doi:10.18826/useeabd.1126881
Beltrami, F. G., Hanselmann, L., & Spengler, C. M. (2024) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1002/ejsc.12053
“Each participant likely responds differently during each intervention, as already seen with caffeine (Beaven et al., 2013) or PAP (Hodgson et al., 2005a).”
BackgroundPerformance Benefits of Carbonated Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse
Aminuddin, M. A. A., Ismail, A. D., & Kamarudin, H. K. (2024) · Jurnal Sains Sukan & Pendidikan Jasmani · doi:10.37134/jsspj.vol13.2.6.2024
Uçar, H., Ozan, M., Buzdağlı, Y., & Savaş, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1788549
“Importantly, mass-matching the placebo using sucrose may not necessarily provide an inert control, as oral exposure to carbohydrate alone has been shown to acutely enhance power output via proposed central mechanisms (50).”
Pomportes, L. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/5b696972z0644z4b6fz88fez69d9b8cf6241
KAFEİNİN AĞIZDA ÇALKALANMASININ ARALIKLI KOŞU PERFORMANSI ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ: GÜN ZAMANI
Akcan, İ. O., Karayiğit, R., & Kayabaş, O. (2026) · Ankara Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.33689/spormetre.1744713
Bastos‐Silva, V. J., Barros, R. J. F., JUNIOR, C. A. S., Spineli, H., Ataide‐Silva, T., Sousa, F. A. D. B., Silva‐Cavalcante, M. D., & de Araújo, G. G. (2026) · Nutrire · doi:10.1186/s41110-026-00505-z
Tükenmez, M., Toktaş, N., Şahan, A., Özkaya, Y. G., & Baytaş, E. (2026) · Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences · doi:10.54141/psbd.1768380
Li, Q., Liu, S., Miao, C., Zhang, Y., & Lu, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1877453
“In high-intensity, intermittent, or self-paced tasks, they may involve improvements in peak power, mean power, pacing regulation, or short-duration exercise performance (12, 13).”
Zalagkitis, C., Kraniotaki, A., Simitzis, N., Dallas, K., Moustogiannis, A., Chatzinikita, E., Paradisis, G. P., Τέντα, Ρ., Maridaki, M. D., Veskoukis, A. S., et al. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18183099
“The following supporting information can be downloaded at https: //www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/nu18183099/s1, Search algorithm; Table S1: Characteristics of included studies [105–114]; Table S2 S3: PRISMA checklist; Table S4: GRADE analysis.”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Beaven, C. M., Maulder, P., Pooley, A., Kilduff, L., & Cook, C.
- Affiliations
- Mid Sweden University (SE)
- Waikato Institute of Technology (NZ)
- Swansea University (GB)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Venue
- Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism
- Publisher
- Canadian Science Publishing
- Published
- 2013-06
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 633-637
- ISSN
- 1715-5312 (ISSN-L)
- 1715-5320
- OpenAlex
- W2076522584
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 13.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Wintec Research Archive (Waikato Institute of Technology) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- caffeine, carbohydrate mouth rinse, repeated sprint performance, peak power, glucose, central fatigue, active recovery, exercise performance enhancement
- MeSH terms
- Caffeine, Exercise Test, Humans, Mouth, Mouthwashes, Exercise, Athletic Performance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
