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Effects of caffeine and carbohydrate mouth rinses on repeated sprint performance
Abstract
Our purpose was to examine the effectiveness of carbohydrate and caffeine mouth rinses in enhancing repeated sprint ability. Previously, studies have shown that a carbohydrate mouth rinse (without ingestion) has beneficial effects on endurance performance that are related to changes in brain activity. Caffeine ingestion has also demonstrated positive effects on sprint performance. However, the effects of carbohydrate or caffeine mouth rinses on intermittent sprints have not been examined previously. Twelve males performed 5 × 6-s sprints interspersed with 24 s of active recovery on a cycle ergometer. Twenty-five milliliters of either a noncaloric placebo, a 6% glucose, or a 1.2% caffeine solution was rinsed in the mouth for 5 s prior to each sprint in a double-blinded and balanced cross-over design. Postexercise maximal heart rate and perceived exertion were recorded, along with power measures. A second experiment compared a combined caffeine-carbohydrate rinse with carbohydrate only. Compared with the placebo mouth rinse, carbohydrate substantially increased peak power in sprint 1 (22.1 ± 19.5 W; Cohen's effect size (ES), 0.81), and both caffeine (26.9 ± 26.9 W; ES, 0.71) and carbohydrate (39.1 ± 25.8 W; ES, 1.08) improved mean power in sprint 1. Experiment 2 demonstrated that a combination of caffeine and carbohydrate improved sprint 1 power production compared with carbohydrate alone (36.0 ± 37.3 W; ES, 0.81). We conclude that carbohydrate and (or) caffeine mouth rinses may rapidly enhance power production, which could have benefits for specific short sprint exercise performance. The ability of a mouth-rinse intervention to rapidly improve maximal exercise performance in the absence of fatigue suggests a central mechanism.
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“During sustained high-intensity sports lasting approximately one-hour, small amounts of pre-exercise carbohydrate (~30 g) [206], enhance performance.”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [206]
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Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science
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Sorted by citations
International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Caffeine and Exercise Performance
Guest, N. S., VanDusseldorp, T. A., Nelson, M. T., Grgic, J., Schoenfeld, B. J., Jenkins, N. D. M., Arent, S. M., Antonio, J., Stout, J. R., Trexler, E. T., et al. (2021) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-020-00383-4 · Cited by 665
Exercise and Sport Performance with Low Doses of Caffeine
Spriet, L. L. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0257-8 · Cited by 347
“[74] had subjects complete 5 9 6 s sprints with 24 s of active”
BackgroundCaffeine and Exercise: What Next?
Pickering, C., & Grgić, J. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01101-0 · Cited by 195
Administration of Caffeine in Alternate Forms
Wickham, K. A., & Spriet, L. L. (2018) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0848-2 · Cited by 178
“It was originally proposed that caffeine mouth rinsing for 5–20 s elicited its ergogenic effects by allowing caffeine molecules to competitively inhibit adenosine through binding to adenosine receptors located in the mouth [37, 38].”
BackgroundReale, R., Slater, G., & Burke, L. M. (2017) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2017.1297489 · Cited by 130
Russell, M., West, D. J., Harper, L. D., Cook, C. J., & Kilduff, L. P. (2015) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0297-0 · Cited by 111
“Mouth-rinsing carbohydrate solutions can positively influence the perception of effort during subsequent exercise and facilitate peak power output during the initial stages of repeated sprint tests [75, 76].”
BackgroundSelf-citationTurner, C. E., Byblow, W. D., Stinear, C. M., & Gant, N. (2014) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.05.020 · Cited by 115
“These outcomes provide a potential mechanism to explain improvements observed with various forms of whole-body exercise (Beaven et al., 2013; Carter et al., 2004; Chambers et al., 2009; Pottier et al., 2010; Rollo et al., 2008, 2010).”
BackgroundCaffeine and 3‐km cycling performance: Effects of mouth rinsing, genotype, and time of day
Pataky, M. W., Womack, C. J., Saunders, M., Goffe, J. L., D’Lugos, A. C., El‐Sohemy, A., & Luden, N. D. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12501 · Cited by 105
“Interestingly, some investigators have recently observed that rinsing caffeine in the mouth, without ingestion, enhances repeated sprint (Beaven et al., 2013) and 30-min (Bottoms et al., 2014) cycling performance.”
BackgroundA caffeine-maltodextrin mouth rinse counters mental fatigue
Cutsem, J. V., Pauw, K. D., Marcora, S., MEEUSEN, R. R., & Roelands, B. (2017) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4809-0 · Cited by 105
International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete
Sims, S. T., Kerksick, C. M., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Janse de Jonge, X. A. K., Hirsch, K. R., Arent, S. M., Hewlings, S. J., Kleiner, S. M., Bustillo, E., Tartar, J. L., et al. (2023) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2023.2204066 · Cited by 129
“Although carbohydrate mouth rinsing has been shown to have ergogenic effects in men [207],”
BackgroundEffects of caffeine and maltodextrin mouth rinsing on P300, brain imaging, and cognitive performance
Pauw, K. D., Roelands, B., Knaepen, K., Polfliet, M., Stiens, J. H., & MEEUSEN, R. R. (2015) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01050.2014 · Cited by 86
“Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant interaction effects at ROI1 in frequency bands 1 [F(2,18) 12.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialFactors that Influence the Performance of Elite Sprint Cross-Country Skiers
Hébert‐Losier, K., Zinner, C., Platt, S., STÖGGL, T. L., & Holmberg, H. (2016) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0573-2 · Cited by 79
“In addition, elite cross-country skiers and trainers should bear in mind that several factors other than those reviewed here, such as recovery [55] and nutritional strategies [69], may influence repeated sprint skiing performance.”
BackgroundThe Governor has a sweet tooth – Mouth sensing of nutrients to enhance sports performance
Burke, L. M., & Maughan, R. J. (2014) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2014.971880 · Cited by 81
Clarke, N. D., Kornilios, E., & Richardson, D. L. (2015) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000945 · Cited by 71
“3 mg$kg21) caffeine solution (C + C), or water (PLA) were rinsed around the buccal cavity for 10 seconds (3,26).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe Efficacy of Acute Nutritional Interventions on Soccer Skill Performance
Russell, M., & Kingsley, M. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0184-8 · Cited by 70
“When ergogenic effects of caffeine have been attributed to mechanisms in the upper gastrointestinal tract, enhanced mood and memory have been observed in non-sportsrelated tasks [91] and improved indices of physical performance also occur [75, 92].”
BackgroundMethodPomportes, L., Brisswalter, J., Casini, L. A., Hays, A., & Davranche, K. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9060589 · Cited by 77
“Several studies highlighted that CHO and CAF MR could have a positive effect on physical [12,17,18,25,73,74] and on cognitive performance [13,15,21].”
BackgroundMethodThe Effect of a Caffeinated Mouth-Rinse on Endurance Cycling Time-Trial Performance
Doering, T. M., Fell, J. W., LEVERITT, M. D., Desbrow, B., & Shing, C. M. (2014) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0103 · Cited by 70
Shaw, G., Boyd, K. T., Burke, L. M., & Koivisto, A. (2014) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0015 · Cited by 77
“…sessions is the recent evidence of enhanced central drive and improved pacing strategies arising from carbohydrate intake; more specifically, there is evidence for contact of carbohydrate with receptors in the oral cavity (Jeukendrup, 2013), even during sprint exercise (Beaven et al., 2013).”
BackgroundEffect of carbohydrate mouth rinsing on multiple sprint performance
Dorling, J. L., & Earnest, C. P. (2013) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-41 · Cited by 63
“[12] reported that CMR enhanced initial sprint performance during repeated cycle sprint exercise, but did not maintain power over multiple sprints.”
BackgroundInfluentialBest, R., McDonald, K., Hurst, P., & Pickering, C. (2020) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-020-02274-5 · Cited by 64
Effect of Coffee and Caffeine Ingestion on Resistance Exercise Performance
Richardson, D. L., & Clarke, N. D. (2016) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001382 · Cited by 61
Dolan, P., Witherbee, K. E., Peterson, K. M., & Kerksick, C. M. (2017) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001819 · Cited by 54
“The inclusion of caffeine was a novel aspect of our study design with much less work having been completed using caffeine (4,8,9,18).”
BackgroundInfluentialLee, C.-L., Cheng, C.-F., Astorino, T. A., Lee, C.-J., Huang, H.-W., & Chang, W.-D. (2014) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-11-17 · Cited by 50
“Secondly, the presence of carbohydrate in the mouth has been shown to stimulate the receptors in the oral cavity, thus activating specific areas of the brain associated with reward and the regulation of motor activity [27].”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Influence of Serial Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing on Power Output during a Cycle Sprint.
Phillips, S., Findlay, S. D., Kavaliauskas, M., & Grant, M. C. (2014) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 51
Influence of a caffeine mouth rinse on sprint cycling following glycogen depletion
Kizzi, J., Sum, A., Houston, F. E., & Hayes, L. D. (2016) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2016.1165739 · Cited by 51
“…pedal at 50 rpm before being given a verbal countdown to start five, 6 s maximal sprint efforts with resistance of 10% body mass applied to the flywheel, interspersed by 24 s active recovery (unloaded pedalling) whereby participants repeated the 10 s mouth rinsing (as used by Beaven et al., 2013).”
MethodResultInfluentialCompression Garment Promotes Muscular Strength Recovery after Resistance Exercise
Goto, K., & Morishima, T. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000359 · Cited by 46
“sion, contrast bathing, and macronutrient supplementation (2,15,31,32).”
Mouth Rinsing and Ingesting a Bitter Solution Improves Sprint Cycling Performance
Gam, S., Guelfi, K. J., & Fournier, P. A. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000271 · Cited by 47
“vided evidence that CHO mouth rinsing does improve sprint performance and muscle force production (1,17).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Effects of Caffeine Mouth Rinsing on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review
Ehlert, A., Twiddy, H., & Wilson, P. B. (2020) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0083 · Cited by 47
The effect of caffeine mouth rinse on self-paced cycling performance
Bottoms, L. M., Hurst, H., Scriven, A., Lynch, F., Bolton, J., Vercoe, L., Shone, Z., Barry, G., & SINCLAIR, J. K. (2014) · Comparative Exercise Physiology · doi:10.3920/cep140015 · Cited by 41
“Recent work by Beaven et al. (2013) has shown that a 1.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAre caffeine’s performance-enhancing effects partially driven by its bitter taste?
Pickering, C. (2019) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109301 · Cited by 44
Carbohydrate mouth rinse improves morning high‐intensity exercise performance
Clarke, N. D., Hammond, S., Kornilios, E., & Mundy, P. D. (2017) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2017.1333159 · Cited by 39
“One potential explanation for the present study demonstrating no improvement during the isometric mid-thigh pull could be that when exercise intensity elicits near maximal effort, despite increases in felt arousal following CHO rinsing, as seen in the present study, it creates a “ceiling effect” which makes any apprec…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialPickering, C., & Kiely, J. (2019) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2019.06.016 · Cited by 40
Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Counters Fatigue Related Strength Reduction
Jensen, M. B., Stellingwerff, T., & Klimstra, M. D. (2014) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0061 · Cited by 39
“However, prior research in the field of CHO mouth rinse and its effect on maximal strength/power has shown contradictory findings, with either no performance increase (Chong et al., 2011; Painelli et al., 2011) or only a slight performance increase (Beaven et al., 2013).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialKulaksız, T. N., Koşar, Ş. N., Bulut, S., Güzel, Y., Willems, M. E. T., Hazır, T., & Turnagöl, H. H. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8050269 · Cited by 38
“Although there is a growing number of research papers on the effects of CHO rinse on high intensity endurance exercise performance [7,8,10–20], cycling sprint performance [21,22] and, neuromuscular function [23,24] most of the CHO rinse studies investigated the effects of with approximately 6% CHO solutions.”
BackgroundEffects of various concentrations of carbohydrate mouth rinse on cycling performance in a fed state
Devenney, S., Collins, K. D., & Shortall, M. (2016) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2016.1196735 · Cited by 40
Quantifying the Effect of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing on Exercise Performance
Peart, D. J. (2016) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001741 · Cited by 37
“(3) because raw data were not available for the placebo condition (an attempt was made to contact the author), Rollo et al.”
BackgroundCARBOHYDRATE MOUTH RINSE: PERFORMANCE EFFECTS AND MECHANISMS
Jeukendrup, A. E., Rollo, I., & Carter, J. M. (2013) · Cited by 35
Přibyslavská, V., Scudamore, E. M., Johnson, S. L., Green, J. M., Stevenson-Wilcoxson, M. C., Lowe, J. B., & O'Neal, E. K. (2015) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2015.1020345 · Cited by 33
“…in the current study simulated the concentration of CHO commonly found in modern sport beverages and resembled the majority of previous publications (Beaven et al., 2013; Beelen et al., 2009, Bortolotti et al., 2013; Carter et al., 2004; Chong et al., 2011; Dorling & Earnest, 2013; Lane et al.,…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLow, J. Y. Q., Lacy, K. E., McBride, R., & Keast, R. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188784 · Cited by 32
Electro-physiological changes in the brain induced by caffeine or glucose nasal spray
Pauw, K. D., Roelands, B., Cutsem, J. V., Marušič, U., Torbeyns, T., & MEEUSEN, R. R. (2016) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4435-2 · Cited by 33
The Development of a Menthol Solution for Use during Sport and Exercise
Best, R., Spears, I. R., Hurst, P., & BERGER, N. J. A. (2018) · Beverages · doi:10.3390/beverages4020044 · Cited by 28
“Other ergogenic effects are likely dependent upon the exercise mode undertaken [2–5] and active ingredients within the swill, e.g., Caffeine [2,6], Carbohydrate [7,8] or Menthol [3].”
Backgroundda Silva, W. F., Lopes‐Silva, J. P., Felippe, L. C., Ferreira, G. A., Lima‐Silva, A. E., & Silva‐Cavalcante, M. D. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1949576 · Cited by 31
“These solutions were rinsed for 5-second in five studies (Beaven et al. 2013; Bottoms et al. 2014; Pak et al. 2020; Pataky et al. 2016; Sinclair and Bottoms 2014) and 10-second in ten studies (Barbosa et al. 2020; Clarke, Kornilios, and Richardson 2015; Doering et al. 2014; Dolan et al. 2017;…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKarayiğit, R., Ali, A., Rezaei, S., Ersöz, G., Lago-Rodríguez, Á., Domínguez, R., & Naderi, A. (2021) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-021-00462-0 · Cited by 28
Effects of Various Doses of Caffeine Ingestion on Intermittent Exercise Performance and Cognition
Wang, C., Zhu, Y., Dong, C., Zhou, Z., & Zheng, X. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10090595 · Cited by 28
İ̇̇brahim Ethem, P. A. K., Cuğ, M., Volpe, S. L., & Beaven, C. M. (2020) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2020.1735033 · Cited by 25
“Similar to previous work that demonstrated enhanced performance during repeated cycle sprint efforts following a caffeine mouth rinse (Beaven et al., 2013), our data indicates a putative supraspinal mechanism by which exercise and training can be enhanced.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationEffect of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on Training Load Volume in Resistance Exercises
Bastos‐Silva, V. J., Prestes, J., & Geraldes, A. A. R. (2017) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002092 · Cited by 24
“Perhaps, for short exercise bouts (less than 60 seconds), CHO mouth rinse is sufficient to improve performance (4,9,22), whereas for longer strength exercises, such as for LP, the benefits of CHO mouth rinse is not enough.”
BackgroundInfluentialGavel, E. H., Hawke, K. V., Bentley, D. J., & Logan-Sprenger, H. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.691695 · Cited by 24
New Insights into Enhancing Maximal Exercise Performance Through the Use of a Bitter Tastant
Gam, S., Guelfi, K. J., & Fournier, P. A. (2016) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0522-0 · Cited by 24
Is Coffee a Useful Source of Caffeine Preexercise?
Pickering, C., & Grgić, J. (2019) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0092 · Cited by 26
“…or without additional carbohydrate—alongside caffeinated bars 81 (Hogervorst, 2008), gels (Cooper et al., 2014; Venier et al., 2019), and gum (Ryan et al., 82 2012), in addition to more experimental methods such as caffeinated sprays (De Pauw et al., 83 2017) and mouth rinses (Beaven et al., 2013).”
The Effect of a Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on Upper-Body Muscular Strength and Endurance
Dunkin, J. E., & Phillips, S. (2016) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001668 · Cited by 23
“Furthermore, values similar to or notably higher than these have been reported in previous studies that found significant improvements in performance with a CHO mouth rinse, albeit in different exercise modalities (3,6,18,24).”
ResultCarbohydrate supplementation: A critical review of recent innovations
Baur, D. A., & Saunders, M. J. (2021) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04534-y · Cited by 22
High Dose of Caffeine Mouth Rinse Increases Resistance Training Performance in Men
Karayiğit, R., Koz, M., Sánchez-Gómez, Á., Naderi, A., Yıldırım, U. C., Domínguez, R., & Gür, F. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13113800 · Cited by 23
Suzuki, K., Takahashi, M., Li, C., Lin, S.-P., Tomari, M., Shing, C. M., & Fang, S. (2015) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0123 · Cited by 24
“A combination of carbohydrate and caffeine mouth rinses might rapidly enhance power production and benefit short sprint exercise performance (Beaven et al. 2013).”
BackgroundInvestigating the effects of tea, water and a positive affect induction on mood and creativity
Einöther, S. J. L., Baas, M., Rowson, M. J., & Giesbrecht, T. (2014) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.06.016 · Cited by 21
Bataineh, M. F., Al‐Nawaiseh, A. M., Al-Taieb, M. A., Bellar, D. M., Hindawi, O. S., & Judge, L. W. (2018) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2017.1420236 · Cited by 20
Melo, A. D. A., Bastos‐Silva, V. J., Moura, F. A., Bini, R. R., Lima‐Silva, A. E., & de Araújo, G. G. (2021) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5114/biolsport.2021.100147 · Cited by 23
Gough, L. A., Faghy, M. A., Clarke, N. D., Kelly, A. L., Cole, M., & Foo, W. L. (2021) · Science and Medicine in Football · doi:10.1080/24733938.2021.2021277 · Cited by 21
“s have also been shown to be beneficial on repeated sprint cycling performance (Beaven et al. 2013; Kizzi et al. 2016).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe Effects of Carbohydrate and Caffeine Mouth Rinsing on Arm Crank Time-Trial Performance
SINCLAIR, J. K., & Bottoms, L. M. (2015) · Journal of Sports Research · doi:10.18488/journal.90/2014.1.2/90.2.34.44 · Cited by 23
“This was confirmed by Beaven et al. (2013) who showed that rinsing a 1.2% CAFF mouth rinse solution improved repeated sprint cycling performance.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRepeated Menthol Mouth Swilling Affects Neither Strength nor Power Performance
Best, R., Temm, D. A., Hucker, H., & McDonald, K. (2020) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports8060090 · Cited by 20
“Furthermore, each testing session was separated by two to seven days to allow sufficient wash-out for treatment and any associated delayed onset muscle soreness, similar to other experiments investigating similar interventions upon repeated sprint performance [21].”
ResultPainelli, V. D. S., Brietzke, C., Franco‐Alvarenga, P. E., Canestri, R., Vinícius, Í., & Pires, F. O. (2022) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/20503121221098120 · Cited by 19
Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Improves Relative Mean Power During Multiple Sprint Performance
Simpson, G. W., PRITCHETT, R. C., O'Neal, E. K., Hoskins, G., & Pritchett, K. L. (2018) · International journal of exercise science · doi:10.70252/crpx1180 · Cited by 18
“Although the greatest statistical impact occurred during the final multiple sprint bout, similar trends of improvement were observed during bouts 1 and 4 supporting the findings of performance improvement in a single or very short duration and low volume CMR studies might be exhibited if the exercise stressor lasts ~3…”
BackgroundPfeifer, D. R., Arvin, K. M., Haynes, N. J., & Herschberger, C. N. (2017) · International journal of exercise science · doi:10.70252/lqgh6884 · Cited by 18
“Prior studies support this line of reasoning as performance improvements have occurred when individuals were in glycogen-depleted states (2,5,30) prior to supplementation versus those who had adequate glucose levels (41).”
ResultCarbohydrate mouth rinse improves resistance exercise capacity in the glycogen-lowered state
Durkin, M., Akeroyd, H., & Holliday, A. (2020) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2020-0298 · Cited by 17
“However, this notion is challenged by the data of Beaven et al. (2013) who demonstrated an ergogenic effect of CHO mouth rinse on mean and peak power output in only the first of five repeated 6-second sprints on a cycle ergometer.”
BackgroundEffect of Carbohydrate Intake on Maximal Power Output and Cognitive Performances
Pomportes, L., Brisswalter, J., Hays, A., & Davranche, K. (2016) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports4040049 · Cited by 17
“[31] have reported an increase in power production during a repetition of 5 × 6-s cycling sprints interspersed with 24 s of active recovery in males cyclists.”
Acute caffeine mouth rinsing does not improve 10-km running performance in CYP1A2 C-allele carriers
Figueiredo, N., Queiroz, M. D. O., Felício, F. P., Ferreira, J. M., Gerosa-Neto, J., Mota, J. F., da Silva, C. R., Ghedini, P. C., Saunders, B., & Pimentel, G. D. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.02.012 · Cited by 15
Karami, G. T., Hemmatinafar, M., Jahromi, M. K., Nemati, J., & Niknam, A. (2023) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2023.2214108 · Cited by 18
“For example, it has been reported that repeated CMR can be effective for increasing the distance covered (30min cycling time trials/30-min arm crank time trials) [16,20], mean power output in the repeated sprint test (5 × 6 maximal sprints/24s active recovery) [17,26], time to exhaustion in cycling [21], and performan…”
BackgroundEffects of carbohydrate mouth rinse and caffeine on high-intensity interval running in a fed state
Devenney, S., Mangan, S., Shortall, M., & Collins, K. D. (2017) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2017-0458 · Cited by 16
“However, previous research has reported a lack of a difference in RPE and HR responses (Beaven et al. 2013; Carter et al. 2004; Chambers et al. 2009; Devenney et al. 2016; Pottier et al. 2010) and the current study confirms the findings, with no significant difference reported in RPE or HR levels between either of the…”
Caffeine mouth rinse has no effects on anaerobic energy yield during a Wingate Test
Marinho, A. H., Mendes, E. V., Vilela, R. A., Bastos‐Silva, V. J., de Araújo, G. G., & Balikian, P. (2020) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.19.09928-6 · Cited by 17
Karayigit, R., Forbes, S., Naderi, A., Candow, D., Yildirim, U., Akca, F., Aras, D., Yasli, B., Sisman, A., Mor, A., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18073463 · Cited by 15
“[4], several studies have demonstrated that carbohydrate mouth rinsing (CMR) can improve aerobic endurance [6,7] and high-intensity exercise performances [8,9].”
BackgroundResultClarke, N. D., Baxter, H., Fajemilua, E., Jones, V. M., Oxford, S. W., Richardson, D. L., Wyatt, C., & Mundy, P. D. (2016) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports4030045 · Cited by 15
“An explanation for the lack of variation in RPE between conditions may be that during near maximal sprint efforts, differences may be not observed by participants as a ‘ceiling effect’ is created [42], therefore there is limited scope for improvement.”
BackgroundRowlatt, G., Bottoms, L. M., Edmonds, C. J., & Buscombe, R. M. (2016) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2016.1251497 · Cited by 17
Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing Does Not Prevent the Decline in Maximal Strength After Fatiguing Exercise
Black, C. D., Schubert, D. J., Szczyglowski, M. K., & Wren, J. D. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002444 · Cited by 13
Pomportes, L., & Brisswalter, J. (2020) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2020.06.001 · Cited by 14
Black, C. D., Haskins, K. R., Bemben, M. G., & Larson, R. D. (2021) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004162 · Cited by 12
“Studies have shown CHO mouth rinsing to both improve (3,28) and have no effect (8,13,23,27) on short-term sprint performance.”
BackgroundLee, C.-L., Cheng, C., Lee, C., Kuo, Y.-H., & Chang, W. (2014) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-014-2888-8 · Cited by 13
Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing Decreases Fatigue Index of Taekwondo Frequency Speed of Kick Test
Chiu, C., Chen, C., Yang, T., Chou, K.-M., Chen, B., Lin, Z.-Y., & Lin, Y.-C. (2022) · The Chinese Journal of Physiology · doi:10.4103/cjp.cjp_99_21 · Cited by 10
Effect of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on Performance after Prolonged Submaximal Cycling
Jensen, M. B., Klimstra, M. D., Sporer, B. C., & Stellingwerff, T. (2017) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001529 · Cited by 10
“However, this beneficial performance effect observed during FEDWASH may only be short lived as greater recruitment of type II fibers would result not only in a greater ability to maintain power output but also greater chance of failure due to fatigue as a result of glycogen depletion and the greater reliance of type I…”
BackgroundKaruk, H. N., Nalçakan, G. R., & Pekünlü, E. (2021) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1907449 · Cited by 11
“…in a fed state during anaerobic tasks have primarily observed improvement during the initial stages or early repetitions of sprint activities (Beaven et al., 2013; Phillips et al., 2014); however, these positive gains early in single or multiple bout efforts often faded (Přibyslavská et al.,…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialEffects of post-activation potentiation and carbohydrate mouth rinse on repeated sprint ability
de Oliveira, J. J., Verlengia, R., Barbosa, C. G. R., Sindorf, M. A. G., da Rocha, G. L., Lopes, C. R., & Crisp, A. H. (2018) · Journal of Human Sport and Exercise · doi:10.14198/jhse.2019.141.13 · Cited by 12
“By contrast, Beaven et al. (2013) and Phillips et al. (2014) found an improvement in peak power with CHO mouth rinse.”
BackgroundResultWashif, J. A., Hébert‐Losier, K., Chamari, K., & Beaven, C. M. (2021) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5114/biolsport.2022.109959 · Cited by 11
“It is also known that physiological response to caffeine administration is variable, with ‘caffeine responders’ identified in earlier studies that used CAF-CHO mouth-rinse [12].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationCarbohydrate Mouth Rinse Decreases Time to Complete a Simulated Cycling Time Trial
Baltazar‐Martins, G., & Coso, J. D. (2019) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2019.00065 · Cited by 11
Amor, S. B., Dhahbi, W., Bougrine, H., Bessifi, M., Geantă, V. A., Ursu, V. E., Trabelsi, K., & Souissi, N. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life16010033 · Cited by 10
“Testing commenced immediately afterward to capture potential orosensory effects described in the mouth-rinse literature [14,35,36].”
Caffeine Mouth Rinse Does Not Improve Time to Exhaustion in Male Trained Cyclists
Nabuco, L. L., Saunders, B., da Silva, R. A. S., Molina, G. E., & Reis, C. E. G. (2021) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0360 · Cited by 9
Effects of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing on Upper Body Resistance Exercise Performance
Krings, B. M., Shepherd, B. D., Waldman, H. S., McAllister, M. J., & Smith, J. W. (2019) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0073 · Cited by 9
Marinho, A. H., Lopes-Silva, J. P., Cristina-Souza, G., Sousa, F. A. D. B., Ataide-Silva, T., Lima-Silva, A. E., Araujo, G. G. D., & Silva‑Cavalcante, M. D. (2024) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2104807 · Cited by 8
“The absence of an effect on HR peak could be due to a ceiling effect (Beaven et al. 2013); however, a previous meta-analysis showed that the heart rate remains unchanged with caffeine even during submaximal exercise (Glaister and Gissane 2018).”
ResultNabuco, L. L., Mendes, G. F., Barreto, G., Saunders, B., & Reis, C. E. G. (2023) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000777 · Cited by 10
“Suppose some physiological mechanisms through which Caff-MR may improve performance are similar to regular caffeine supplementation. that case, it may be worthwhile to exercise protocols that have previously been shown to be malleable to caffeine supplementation (e.g., 4-km cycling (20,60,61), when…”
InfluentialImpairment of Thermoregulation and Performance via Mild Dehydration in Ice Hockey Goaltenders
McCarthy, D. G., Wickham, K. A., Vermeulen, T. F., Nyman, D. L. E., Ferth, S., Pereira, J. M., Larson, D. J., Burr, J. F., & Spriet, L. L. (2020) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2019-0464 · Cited by 9
Gonzalez, A. M., Guimarães, V., Figueiredo, N., Queiroz, M. D. O., Gentil, P., Mota, J. F., & Pimentel, G. D. (2020) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2020/6598753 · Cited by 8
“Initially, a priori analysis of sample size was determined based on data from a previous study [23] and revealed that a minimum of 8 participants were necessary for this study (G-Power software, version 3.”
MethodBest, R., Maulder, P. S., & BERGER, N. J. A. (2021) · Beverages · doi:10.3390/beverages7010009 · Cited by 7
Self-citationThe effect of mouth rinsing with different concentrations of caffeine solutions on reaction time
Virdinli, S. G., Kutlay, E., Yüzbaşıoğlu, Y., Vollaard, N. B. J., & Nalçakan, G. R. (2022) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2022.2038893 · Cited by 11
“…application of CAF-MR at both low (Bottoms et al., 2014; Sinclair, 2014) and high (Beaven et al., 2013; Kizzi et al., 2016) concentrations has been shown to improve both short-term (Beaven et al., 2013; Kizzi et al., 2016) and long-term (Bottoms et al., 2014; Sinclair, 2014) exercise performance.”
BackgroundMethodKarayiğit, R., Mustafa, E. S. E. R., Gür, F., Sarı, C., Čepička, L., & Gabrys, T. T. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14040875 · Cited by 7
“However, carbohydrate mouth rinsing has been purported as an effective strategy to enhance various types of exercise such as endurance exercise (<1 h) [2,3], resistance exercise [4,5], repeated sprints [6,7] and neuromuscular performance [8].”
BackgroundEffect Of Serial Caffeine Mouth Rinse On Wingate Anaerobic Performance
YAŞLI, K. R. (2017) · Ankara Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.1501/sporm_0000000335 · Cited by 8
Miraftabi, H., Ghorbani, H., Souzandeh, P., Berjisian, E., Naderi, A., Mojtahedi, S., & Kerksick, C. M. (2025) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0040 · Cited by 6
Central effects of mouth rinses on endurance and strength performance
Tan, S. H., Khong, T. K., Selvanayagam, V. S., & Yusof, A. (2023) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-023-05350-w · Cited by 6
“Similar findings have been reported by Beaven et al. (2013) and Dorling and Earnest (2013), suggesting that multiple rinses over the course of multiple sets of exercise performance may be necessary to maintain high-performance outcomes (Jeukendrup et al. 2013).”
Marinho, A. H., da Silva, J. M., Brandão, V. F. D. N., Jatobá, S. G., Júnior, P. B., Ataide‐Silva, T., Sousa, F. A. D. B., Bastos‐Silva, V. J., & de Araújo, G. G. (2024) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2023.2293121 · Cited by 6
“Regarding RPE, there were only a main effect of distance (F (2,18) = 150.88, p = .01, η p2 = 0.94), without a main effect of condition (F (3,27) = 1.35, p = .27, η p2 = 0.13) or condi-tion-distance interaction (F (6,54) = 0.79, p = .57, η p2 = 0.81).”
InfluentialBarbosa, T. N., Parreira, L. K., Mota, J. F., Kalman, D., Saunders, B., & Pimentel, G. D. (2020) · Nutrire · doi:10.1186/s41110-020-00121-5 · Cited by 6
“An increased cerebral activity might, in part, explain the immediate ergogenic response associated with CAF mouth rinse during short-duration high-intensity activity [10, 11].”
BackgroundMouth Rinsing Cabohydrates Serially does not Improve Repeated Sprint Time
Tomko, P. M., Laurent, C. M., Fullenkamp, A. M., Voth, N. R., & Young, C. A. (2019) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.2478/hukin-2018-0076 · Cited by 6
“Both Dorling and Earnest (2013) and Beaven et al. (2013) had participants that rinsed a carbohydrate solution for about five seconds, Bortolotti et al. (2013), for 10 s, whereas this study increased the CHO rinsing duration with subsequent RASTs.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWang, Y., Su, W., Zhang, S., Zhao, L. R., Lv, Y., Gu, B., & Yu, L. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17213475 · Cited by 8
“…mediated by caffeine’s activation of oral cavity adenosine receptors, which transmit sensory signals to the central nervous system to augment motor unit recruitment, a mechanism that may also contribute to improvements in RSA, given the sport-specific demand for repeated maximal power outputs [46].”
Toktaş, N., Balcı, C., Demirörs, R., Yalçıner, S., & Erman, K. A. (2022) · Biomedical Human Kinetics · doi:10.2478/bhk-2022-0026 · Cited by 7
Poon, E. T., Tsang, J. H., Sun, F., Ali, A., Rollo, I., & Wong, S. H. (2024) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2024-0228 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Beaven, C. M., Maulder, P., Pooley, A., Kilduff, L., & Cook, C.
- Affiliations
- Mid Sweden University (SE)
- Waikato Institute of Technology (NZ)
- Swansea University (GB)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Venue
- Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism
- Publisher
- Canadian Science Publishing
- Published
- 2013-06
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 633-637
- ISSN
- 1715-5312 (ISSN-L)
- 1715-5320
- OpenAlex
- W2076522584
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 13.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Wintec Research Archive (Waikato Institute of Technology) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- caffeine, carbohydrate mouth rinse, repeated sprint performance, peak power, glucose, central fatigue, active recovery, exercise performance enhancement
- MeSH terms
- Caffeine, Exercise Test, Humans, Mouth, Mouthwashes, Exercise, Athletic Performance
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