The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Nutritional ketone salts increase fat oxidation but impair high-intensity exercise performance in healthy adult males
Open accessAbstract
This study investigated the impact of raising plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB) through ingestion of ketone salts on substrate oxidation and performance during cycling exercise. Ten healthy adult males (age, 23 ± 3 years; body mass index, 25 ± 3 kg/m 2, peak oxygen uptake, 45 ± 10 mL/(kg·min)−1) were recruited to complete 2 experimental trials. Before enrollment in the experimental conditions, baseline anthropometrics and cardiorespiratory fitness (peak oxygen uptake) were assessed and familiarization to the study protocol was provided. On experimental days, participants reported to the laboratory in the fasted state and consumed either 0.3 g/kg β-OHB ketone salts or a flavour-matched placebo at 30 min prior to engaging in cycling exercise. Subjects completed steady-state exercise at 30%, 60%, and 90% ventilatory threshold (VT) followed by a 150-kJ cycling time-trial. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and total substrate oxidation were derived from indirect calorimetry. Plasma glucose, lactate, and ketones were measured at baseline, 30 min post-supplement, post–steady-state exercise, and immediately following the time-trial. Plasma β-OHB was elevated from baseline and throughout the entire protocol in the ketone condition (p < 0.05). RER was lower at 30% and 60% VT in the ketone compared with control condition. Total fat oxidation was greater in the ketone versus control (p = 0.05). Average time-trial power output was ∼7% lower (–16 W, p = 0.029) in the ketone condition. Ingestion of ketone salts prior to exercise increases fat oxidation during steady-state exercise but impairs high-intensity exercise performance.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Performance benefits have, however, been repeatedly refuted [165, 166]; as such, despite the compelling mechanistic basis for ketone esters to facilitate ultra-marathon performance, there is currently no direct evidence to this effect, and further research is needed.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing (2019) · cites this paper as [166]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science
HOPKINS, W. G., MARSHALL, S. W., BATTERHAM, A. M., & HANIN, J. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31818cb278 · Cited by 9,128
Calculation of substrate oxidation rates in vivo from gaseous exchange.
Frayn, K. N. (1983) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1983.55.2.628 · Cited by 2,365
Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake: review and commentary
HOWLEY, E. T., BASSETT, D. R., & WELCH, H. G. (1995) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199509000-00009 · Cited by 1,656
Ketone bodies as signaling metabolites
Newman, J. C., & Verdin, E. (2014) · Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2013.09.002 · Cited by 966
Measurement of substrate oxidation during exercise by means of gas exchange measurements
Jeukendrup, A. E., & Wallis, G. A. (2005) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2004-830512 · Cited by 799
Nutritional Ketosis Alters Fuel Preference and Thereby Endurance Performance in Athletes
Cox, P. J., Kirk, T., Ashmore, T., Willerton, K., Evans, R., Smith, A., Murray, A. J., Stubbs, B., West, J., McLure, S. W., et al. (2016) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.07.010 · Cited by 530 · cited 13×
“However, since we did not obtain muscle biopsy samples we cannot confirm if ketone salts altered the rate of glycolysis or lactate production directly in muscle, as shown by Cox et al. (2016) following ingestion of ketone ester supplements.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialPhinney, S. D., Bistrian, B. R., Evans, W. J., Gervino, E., & Blackburn, G. L. (1983) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(83)90106-3 · Cited by 422
Evans, M., Cogan, K. E., & Egan, B. (2017) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp273185 · Cited by 414
Burke, L. M., Ross, M. L., Garvican‐Lewis, L. A., Welvaert, M., Heikura, I. A., Forbes, S. G., Mirtschin, J. G., Cato, L. E., Strobel, N., Sharma, A. P., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp273230 · Cited by 407
Physiological determinants of endurance exercise performance
Coyle, E. F. (1999) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/s1440-2440(99)80172-8 · Cited by 233
Lactate: Biomarker and Potential Therapeutic Target
Okorie, O., & Dellinger, P. (2011) · Critical Care Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2010.12.013 · Cited by 198
Role of the lactate transporter (MCT1) in skeletal muscles
McCullagh, K. J. A., Poole, R. C., Halestrap, A. P., O'Brien, M., & Bonen, A. (1996) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1996.271.1.e143 · Cited by 189
Mikkelsen, S. U., Seifert, T., Secher, N. H., Grøndal, T., & van Hall, G. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-2608 · Cited by 145
Variability of Competitive Performance of Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review
Malcata, R. M., & Hopkins, W. G. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0239-x · Cited by 145
Ketone bodies and exercise performance: The next magic bullet or merely hype?
Pinckaers, P. J. M., Churchward-Venne, T. A., Bailey, D., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2017) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0577-y · Cited by 113
Acute nutritional ketosis: implications for exercise performance and metabolism
Cox, P. J., & Clarke, K. (2014) · Extreme Physiology & Medicine · doi:10.1186/2046-7648-3-17 · Cited by 105
MILES, J. M., Haymond, M. W., & Gerich, J. E. (1981) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-52-1-34 · Cited by 101
A Ketone Ester Drink Increases Postexercise Muscle Glycogen Synthesis in Humans
Holdsworth, D., Cox, P. J., Kirk, T., STRADLING, H., Impey, S. G., & Clarke, K. (2017) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001292 · Cited by 89
Langfort, J., Zarzeczny, R., Pilis, W., Nazar, K., & Kaciuba-Uściłko, H. (1997) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210050224 · Cited by 67
Fueling Performance: Ketones Enter the Mix
Egan, B., & D’Agostino, D. P. (2016) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.08.021 · Cited by 64
Response of ketone body metabolism to exercise during transition from postabsorptive to fasted state
Féry, F., & BALASSE, E. O. (1986) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1986.250.5.e495 · Cited by 60
Endurance Capacity and High-Intensity Exercise Performance Responses to a High-Fat Diet
Fleming, J. D., Sharman, M. J., Avery, N. G., Love, D. M., Gómez, A. L., Scheett, T. P., Kraemer, W. J., & Volek, J. S. (2003) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.13.4.466 · Cited by 59
Effects of ketone bodies on insulin release and islet-cell metabolism in the rat
Biden, T. J., & Taylor, K. W. (1983) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj2120371 · Cited by 48
Phosphagen and Carbohydrate Metabolism during Exercise in Trained Middle-Aged Men
Saltin, B., Wahren, J., & Pernow, B. (1974) · Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.3109/00365517409114200 · Cited by 24
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Randle P.J., 1963, Its role in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus. Lancet, 1, 785
Cited by
Sorted by citations
On the Metabolism of Exogenous Ketones in Humans
Stubbs, B. J., Cox, P. J., Evans, R. D., Santer, P., Miller, J. J. J. J., Harrison, O. K., Magor‐Elliott, S. R. M., Hiyama, S., Stirling, M. J., & Clarke, K. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00848 · Cited by 417
Implications of Altered Ketone Metabolism and Therapeutic Ketosis in Heart Failure
Selvaraj, S., Kelly, D. P., & Margulies, K. B. (2020) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.119.045033 · Cited by 195
Tiller, N. B., Roberts, J. D., Beasley, L., Chapman, S., Pinto, J. M., Smith, L., Wiffin, M., Russell, M., Sparks, S. A., Duckworth, L., et al. (2019) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-019-0312-9 · Cited by 164
Adipose tissue protects against sepsis-induced muscle weakness in mice: from lipolysis to ketones
Goossens, C., Weckx, R., Derde, S., Dufour, T., Perre, S. V., Pauwels, L., Thiessen, S., Veldhoven, P. P. V., den Berghe, G. V., & Langouche, L. (2019) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-019-2506-6 · Cited by 124
Intermittent Running and Cognitive Performance after Ketone Ester Ingestion
EVANS, M., & EGAN, B. (2018) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001700 · Cited by 116
Metadata
- Authors
- O’Malley, T., Myette-Cote, E., Durrer, C., & Little, J. P.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus (CA)
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
- Corresponding author
- Little, Jonathan P.
- Venue
- Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism
- Publisher
- Canadian Science Publishing
- Published
- 2017-10
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1031-1035
- ISSN
- 1715-5312 (ISSN-L)
- 1715-5320
- OpenAlex
- W2739936777
- Semantic Scholar
- 3ef8bbbb5f5f98f52513ae2e781a6ee1b86c7720
- Cited by
- 106
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 10.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- TSpace (University of Toronto) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- ketone salts, beta-hydroxybutyrate, fat oxidation, high-intensity exercise performance, cycling time trial, substrate oxidation, respiratory exchange ratio, exercise supplementation, plasma ketones, lactate, output power
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Bicycling, Blood Glucose, British Columbia, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Ketones, Male, Muscle Contraction, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Endurance, Time Factors, Exercise, Up-Regulation, Treatment Outcome, Muscle, Skeletal, Cross-Over Studies, Lactic Acid, Dietary Supplements, 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid, Lipid Metabolism, Muscle Strength, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
