Caffeine, Coffee and Ephedrine: Impact on Exercise Performance and Metabolism
Abstract
This paper addresses areas where there is controversy regarding caffeine as an ergogenic aid and also identifies topics that have not been adequately addressed. It is clear that caffeine, in moderate amounts, can be used orally as an ergogenic aid in aerobic activity lasting for more than 1 min. It increases endurance and speed, but not maximal [Formula: see text] and related parameters. While there are fewer well-controlled studies for resistance exercise, the literature would suggest similar improvements: increased endurance at submaximal tension and power generated in repeated contractions and no change in maximal ability to produce force. It is likely that theophylline (a related methylxanthine) has similar actions and it has been suggested that the combination of caffeine and sympathomimetics may be a more potent erogenic aid. The voids in our understanding of caffeine include the dose (what amount is optimal, what vehicle is used to deliver the drug as well as method, pattern, and mode of administration), the potential side effects (particularly in competitive settings), health implications (insulin resistance and if combined with ephedrine, cardiovascular risks) and mechanisms of action. It appears unlikely that increased fat oxidation and glycogen sparing is the prime ergogenic mechanism.
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Caffeine has been shown to positively impact endurance performance.
“Caffeine has been shown to positively impact endurance performance [158], but there is a paucity of data on the use of caffeine during ultra-marathon.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing (2019) · cites this paper as [158]
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- Authors
- Graham, T. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Guelph (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Graham, Terry E.
- Venue
- Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- Canadian Science Publishing
- Published
- 2001-10
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- S186-S191
- ISSN
- 1066-7814 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2027475357
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Guelph
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- caffeine, ergogenic aids, exercise performance, endurance, resistance training, theophylline, ephedrine, sympathomimetic drugs, caffeine dosage, insulin resistance, cardiovascular risk, fat oxidation, glycogen sparing, caffeine side effects
- MeSH terms
- Caffeine, Coffee, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Oxygen Consumption, Exercise, Dietary Supplements
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